我国育成苹果品种的系谱分析及其育种启示

本文系统收集并分析了1951—2019年我国报道育成的273个苹果品种（不含砧木）的资料,对这些苹果品种的亲本组成及亲本选配特点和规律进行分析,绘制以主要品种为亲本育成品种的系谱图,以全面总结新中国成立70年来我国苹果的育种成果。在我国选育的273个苹果品种中,通过杂交获得的品种最多（145个,53.11%）,其次是芽变品种（111个,40.65%）,实生选育品种（15个,5.50%）和诱变品种（2个,0.73%）。根据品种特性分类,育成苹果品种中,红皮品种最多（240个,占87.91%）,其次是绿皮品种（19个,6.96%）和黄皮品种（14个,5.13%）。大果（≥200 g）、中果（100—200 g）和小果（≤100 g的小果）品种分别占57.14%、35.53%和7.73%。果实成熟期早、中和晚熟品种分别占24.54%、32.97%和42.49%。273个育成的苹果品种中,有耐贮品种（83个,30.40%）、抗寒品种（78个,28.57%）、短枝型品种（34个,12.45%）、柱型品种（8个,2.93%）和红肉品种（4个,1.47%）。分析亲本来源明确的262个品种,表明这些品种由103个亲本育成,包括3个国内地方品种,63个国外引进品种和37个衍生品种。通过系谱分析发现,苹果骨干亲本为‘富士’‘金冠’‘元帅’和‘嘎啦’,分别衍生104、64、36和24个品种。杂交和芽变是选育苹果品种的主要途径,亲本性状优良或不同地理来源的亲本组合更容易选育出优良品种。在此基础上,剖析我苹果育种中存在的问题,并对生物技术在系谱分析上的应用进行展望。本文为制定苹果育种计划和亲本的选配提供了有益借鉴。

Pedigree Analysis and Breeding Inspiration of Apple Cultivars in China

In order to comprehensively summarize the apple breeding achievements in the past 70 years since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the information on the parent composition, parent selection and characteristics of 273 apple cultivars (excluding rootstock) in China from 1951 to 2019 were collected and systematically analyzed, and the pedigree diagram of these cultivars was drawn. Among 273 apple cultivars, most were obtained by hybridization (145, 53.11%), followed by bud sports (111, 40.65%), seedling selection (15, 5.50%) and mutation (2, 0.73%). According to the skin color, the cultivars with red skin were the most (240, 87.91%), the number of green and yellow skin were 19 (6.96%) and 14 (5.13%), respectively. According to the average fruit mass, the percentages of big size (≥200 g), middle size (100-200 g) and small size (≥100 g) fruits were 57.14%, 35.53% and 7.73%, respectively. The percentages of the early, middle and late maturity were 24.54%, 32.97% and 42.49%, respectively. Among the 273 apple cultivars, 83 (30.40%) were long-storage, 78 (28.57%) cold-resistant, 34 (12.45%) spur-type, 8 (2.93%) columnar and 4 (1.47%) red-flesh cultivars. 262 apple cultivars with known parents were bred from 103 parents, including 3 local, 63 abroad and 37 derived cultivars. Pedigree analysis revealed that Fuji, Golden Delicious, Delicious and Gala were backbone parents used for apple breeding, with 104, 64, 36 and 24 cultivars, respectively. Hybridization and bud mutation were the main methods to apple breeding and the combinations with both parents from different geographical area or having great botanical characteristic difference always had strong heterosis. On the basis of these, the problems in apple breeding were analyzed, and the application of biotechnology in pedigree analysis was also prospected. This paper provided a useful reference for making the breeding plan and selecting parents of apple in the future.