基于生态管理的山东苹果无袋栽培“依历按需用药”病虫害综合防控方案

山东产区苹果实施无袋栽培首先要选择苹果轮纹病、苹果炭疽病、桃小食心虫、梨小食心虫等果实病虫发生基数较低的果园。实施无袋栽培前,治理果园内外环境,压低病虫基数,防止果园病虫大量繁殖蔓延。在此基础上,依据本地主要病虫害种类及其防治关键时期,设计周年监测与防治预案,即防治历:以10 d为1个周期,监测和预测病虫害的发生动态;当病虫需要用药防治时,选择相应药剂及时防治。苹果无袋栽培的病虫害防控可划分为休眠期、幼果期、雨季和果实采收前4个时期,各个时期的重点防控对象和目标各不相同。休眠期主要铲除在树体和周边环境中越冬的各种病虫,减轻生长期的防治压力;幼果期以防治苹果霉心病、苹果锈病、红蜘蛛、蚜虫、绿盲蝽等为主,兼治其他病虫;雨季以防治苹果轮纹病、苹果炭疽病、桃小食心虫、梨小食心虫为主,兼治其他病虫;采收前,病害以防止弱寄生菌在果面定殖为主,虫害主要防治各种危害果实的害虫。3年来在多个园片试验示范,绝大部分果园病虫果率控制在10%以下。

An integrated pest management program base on ecological management and pesticide application according to control demand of diseases and insect pests for bagless apple cultivation in Shandong

In order to implement bagless apple cultivation in Shandong producing areas,it is necessary to select orchards with a low incidence of diseases and insect pests such as ring rot,peach fruit moth,oriental fruit moth,and anthracnose.The orchards and the surrounding environments should be cleaning before implement bagless apple cultivation to reduce the base quantities,clean the breeding materials,and prevent the propagation and spread of pathogens and insect pests.Then,an annual monitor and integrated pest control scheme should be design according to kinds of local diseases and insect pests and the key control period for the major diseases and pests,and monitor and predict the occurrence of pests and weather change in a period of 10 days according to the control scheme.When diseases and pests have a harmful trend and required to be controlled with pesticides,appropriate pesticides should be chosen and applied in time.The integrated pest control scheme in bagless apple orchards can be divided into four periods,which are dormancy period,young fruit period,rainy season and before harvest.The key diseases and insect pests should be controlled and goals in each period are different.In dormancy period,the control measures are mainly to eradicate pathogens and killed all kinds of insect pests overwintering on the tree and environment,and to reduce the control pressure during the growth period.In the young fruit period,the measures are mainly to control rust,mildew,spider mites,aphids,and green plant bug,as well as various diseases and insect pests that occur in this stage.In rainy season,the measures are mainly to control ring rot,peach fruit moth,oriental fruit moth,and anthracnose,and also treat all diseases and insects that occur in the orchard.Before harvest,the main measures are to prevent weak pathogenic fungi from colonizing the fruit surface and to control various fruit-damaging insect pests.In three years of multiple planting trials,the incidence of disease and insect fruit were controlled below 10%in most orchards with this integrated pest management program.