基于游程理论和Copula函数的干旱特征分析及应用

干旱是一种复杂的自然灾害现象,理解和掌握干旱事件的发生发展状况对防治其危害具有重要意义。选用1960—2015年间陕北黄土高原9个地面气象观测站的月降水数据集,基于游程理论从标准化降水指数中提取出干旱事件的历时和强度,采用拟合优度最高的Copula函数对干旱特征变量进行拟合,分析干旱特征变量的联合累计概率和干旱事件的联合重现期,并基于30 a时间间隔的滑动窗口分析联合重现期变化曲线,最后将研究结果运用到陕北地区1995—2010年间干旱实际受灾面积中,进一步分析干旱事件联合重现期与农作物旱灾损失之间的联系。结果表明:1)1960—2015年间陕北黄土高原出现的最低干旱事件频次为94次,最高103次,榆林东部和延安的北部是主要的干旱灾害频发区,延安的东南部和铜川干旱事件发生频次相对较小;2)干旱历时和干旱强度具有较强的相关性,随着干旱历时和干旱强度的不断增大,二者的联合累计概率和联合重现期也不断增大;3)研究区内不同站点的相同历时不同强度和相同强度不同历时的联合重现期变化曲线变化趋势不尽相同;4)陕北地区农作物实际受旱灾面积与干旱历时和强度密切相关,不同类型干旱事件联合重现期的拟合能够反映该区域实际干旱受灾情况,根据游程理论提取出干旱事件的干旱特征与实际干旱特征较为接近的情况下,理论重现期与实际重现期的误差范围仅在0.1~0.3 a之间。研究可为旱作农业生态管理提供依据。

Analysis and application of drought characteristics based on run theory and Copula function

Drought is a complex and recurrent climate phenomenon, and understanding the development of the drought event is of great significance in preventing the damage. Current studies have analyzed the drought duration and severity based on run theory and Coupla function but few focuses on the drought recurrent interval and its relationship with agricultural drought disaster. In this study, the drought recurrence interval was investigated based on the drought duration and severity using run theory and Coupla function and the results were applied to agricultural drought disaster analysis in order to verify the reliability of the method for agricultural application. The study area was Northern Shannxi and the precipitation data from 1960 to 2015 were collected for drought grade classification based on standardized precipitation index (SPI). The drought duration and severity of drought event was calculated based on SPI values using run theory. Each drought characteristic index was evaluated for its distribution by comparing 7 different distributions. Then, the joint distribution of the 2 indices was established based on their correlation. Then the recurrence interval of each index was calculated for determination of their joint recurrence interval. The agricultural disaster area data were obtained from Statistic Yellow Book. The results showed that the drought occurred 94-103 times in 1960-2015 in the Northern Shannxi. The main drought area with high frequency was the area such as Yunlin, Yanan et al and that with low frequency was in the area such as Baoji, Xian, Xianyang et al. The distribution of drought duration and severity belonged to Weibull and Gamma distribution, respectively. The joint function of the 2 indices could be well fitted by the Frank-copula function with smaller squared euclidean distance and akaike information criterions. With the increase of drought duration and severity, the joint probability and recurrence interval gradually increased. The joint recurrence interval variation of different meteorological stations had different changing trend. The actual drought- affected area of the crops in the Northen Shannxi was closely related to the drought duration and severity. The drought events joint recurrence interval was coincide with the actual drought disaster situation in the region. In the period of 1995-2005, the actual and theoretical drought duration was consistent mostly and the absolute errors between the actual and theoretical drought recurrence interval were only 0.1-0.3 a. The results indicated that the method proposed here was reliable in analyzing drought characteristics and could be used for agricultural drought disaster assessment.