我国畜禽养殖氨排放特征及减排体系构建研究

基于畜禽生产-污染防治大协同、污水-废气-固废处理小协同目标，开展各畜禽养殖模式氨排放特征分析。研究发现：相同清粪方式下，机械通风封闭化圈舍氨排放速率要小于自然通风开放式圈舍，相同通风方式下，圈舍氨排放速率表现为水冲粪 < 干清粪 < 垫草垫料 < 水泡粪，各畜种肥水储存模式氨排放最大；通过养殖模式与减排技术的政策、规范协调性分析，发现圈舍封闭化+机械通风、堆肥发酵、厌氧发酵等养殖模式，低蛋白日粮、排风口处理、覆盖、密闭堆肥+废气处理、粪肥机械深施等控氨技术可作为畜牧业氨减排的方向。明确了氨减排模式与技术的对应关系，构建了模式替代和技术减排相耦合的畜禽氨减排体系，提出了制定大气氨环境质量标准、畜禽养殖氨排放标准及配套的氨监测技术规范、畜禽养殖场氨减排核算技术规范及配套的氨减排工程建设技术规范等配套落地政策建议，为顺利推动畜禽氨减排试点工作提供技术支撑。

Ammonia emission characteristics and construction of an emission reduction system for livestock and poultry farming in China

With the aim of pollution prevention through collaborative production and combined sewage-gas-solid waste processing as the target, the characteristics of ammonia emission in livestock and poultry breeding were analyzed. Ammonia emission in the closed enclosure with mechanical ventilation was lower than that in the open enclosure with natural ventilation. Under the same ventilation mode, ammonia emission in the enclosure was in the order of water flushed feces < dry cleaned feces < bedding straw and bedding material < blistering feces. Ammonia emission was the most in the fertilizer and water storage mode for each livestock breed. Analysis of the integration of breeding processes and policy standards of emission reduction technology indicated that a closed enclosure combined with mechanical ventilation, compost fermentation, anaerobic fermentation, low protein diet, exhaust air treatment, mulching, closed compost combined with waste gas treatment, mechanical deep application of manure and other ammonia control technologies can be used toward livestock ammonia emission reduction. The corresponding relationship of ammonia emissions reduction mode and technology was clear, and a livestock and poultry ammonia emission reduction system was established coupled with model substitution and reduction technology. In addition, proposals for establishing environmental quality standards for atmospheric ammonia, ammonia emission standards for livestock and poultry breeding, and supporting technical specifications for ammonia monitoring, including those for accounting and engineering construction for ammonia emission reduction in livestock and poultry farms, are suggested, to provide a basis for the promotion of pilot studies on ammonia emission reduction in livestock and poultry farming.