Diversity among bovine pestiviruses

Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) isolates are characterized by an important genetic, antigenic and pathogenic diversity. The emergence of new hypervirulent BVDV strains in North America has provided clear evidence of pathogenic differences between BVDV strains. The origin of BVDV diversity is related to high mutation rate occurring in RNA viruses but the consequences of mutations obviously depend on the genes which are involved. Mutations in genes encoding for structural proteins of immunological importance may have practical implications.Knowledge of BVDV diversity is important for understanding the wide variety of pathogenesis of diseases caused by the virus, for monitoring the epidemiology of the different types and for the design of optimum laboratory tests and vaccines.This review focuses on the origin and consequences of BVDV diversity with regard to pathogenesis, biotypes, and antigenic and genetic variations.