小麦远缘杂交现状、抗病基因转移及利用研究进展

小麦近缘植物中含有丰富的抗病、抗逆和抗虫等基因,是小麦育种的优异基因源。通过远缘杂交可以将近缘植物优异基因转移给小麦,创制包括双二倍体或部分双二倍体、附加系、代换系和易位系等在内的小麦-近缘植物异染色体系。这些含小麦近缘植物血缘的异染色体系是研究物种染色体行为与进化、基因定位与作图的重要素材,也是拓宽小麦的遗传基础、抵御小麦重要病虫害、增加小麦产量和提升小麦品质的重要物质基础。为了更加清晰地了解小麦远缘杂交概况及小麦近缘植物抗病基因向小麦的转移,也为今后小麦远缘杂交研究和种质资源的开发利用提供参考,文中对小麦族物种分类、小麦远缘杂交的定义与意义、小麦族山羊草属、黑麦属、偃麦草属、簇毛麦属、冰草属、大麦属、披碱草属、赖草属、新麦草属以及旱麦草属物种与小麦远缘杂交现状和异染色体系创制情况进行了概括,并对来源于小麦近缘植物被正式命名的17个抗条锈病基因、35个抗叶锈病基因、30个抗秆锈病基因、41个抗白粉病基因、3个抗赤霉病基因、1个抗麦瘟病基因、1个抗叶枯病基因、1个抗颖枯病基因、4个抗褐斑病基因、2个抗眼斑病基因、1个抗梭条花叶病基因、2个抗线条花叶病基因和2个抗禾谷类黄矮病基因向小麦的...

Research Progress of Wheat Wild Hybridization,Disease Resistance Genes Transfer and Utilization

Wheat alien species are vast reservoir of diversity for disease and pest resistance as well as stress tolerance, which are excellent gene sources for wheat breeding. Through wide hybridization, the genes of alien species could be transferred to wheat to create wheat-alien chromosome lines such as amphiploids or partial amphiploids, additions, substitutions and translocation lines. These genetic stocks could be utilized to study chromosome behavior and genome evolution, mapping genes, and diversifying the genetic basis of wheat for diseases and pest resistance, as well as yield and quality improvement. In order to understand the progress of wheat wide hybridization and useful gene transfer from alien species to wheat, in this paper, the classification of the tribe Triticeae, the definition and significance of wheat wide hybridization, alien transfers progress from species belonging to genera Aegilops, Secale, Thinopyrum, Dasypyrum, Agropyron, Hordeum, Elymus, Leymus, Psathyrostachys and Eremopyrum to wheat have been summarized and discussed. To date, the official designated genes originated from wheat alien species include 17 stripe rust resistance genes, 35 leaf rust resistance gens, 30 stem rust resistance genes, 41 powdery mildew resistance genes, 3 Fusarium head blight-resistance genes, one wheat blast resistance gene, one Septoria tritici blotch resistance genes, one Septoria nodorum blotch resistance gene, 4 tan spot resistance genes, 2 eyespot resistance genes, one wheat spindle streak mosaic virus resistance gene, 2 wheat streak mosaic virus resistance genes and 2 cereal yellow dwarf resistance genes. Names and the chromosomal locations of these disease resistance genes were inducted. Moreover, the utilization of these genes in wheat breeding has also been reviewed and summarized. In the history of world wheat breeding, disease resistant germplasms such as wheat-rye 1RS·1BL translocation, 1RS·1AL translocation and wheat-Aegilops ventricosa 2NS/2AS translocation have made outstanding contributions. However, this only benefited from the utilization of a few disease resistant genes. Compared to the number of the designated genes, relatively few disease-resistant genes have been used in wheat breeding. In this paper, the limiting factors for the underutilization are discussed. Suggestions on how to use these disease-resistant genes in the future are put forward. Meanwhile, the cloned disease-resistant genes from wheat alien species are listed. The methods of cloning these genes and the possible research hotspots in the future are also analyzed. It is believed that the development and application of wheat-wild species translocation lines without genetic drag may be an important driving force for material innovation and variety breeding in the future.