基于LCA的呼伦贝尔生态草牧业技术集成示范效益评估

【目的】对天然草场修复过程中的经济环境综合效益进行评估。【方法】基于全生命周期分析(LCA)方法对内蒙古呼伦贝尔市谢尔塔拉牧场奶牛集约化养殖-牲畜粪便处理(包括菌剂发酵有机肥、蚯蚓养殖生成有机肥和蘑菇种植3种模式),利用谢尔塔拉农场奶牛集约化养殖、牲畜粪便处理利用、天然草场改良数据和当地畜牧生产经营物料投入数据相结合,建立不同养殖模式下牛奶生产的生命周期清单,从畜牧生产全生命周期的角度对牲畜饲养、粪便处理利用和草场修复这整个草原畜牧生产循环过程中每生产1 t标准牛奶(FPCM)的资源环境综合成本(温室气体排放、土地占用、耗水量和不可再生能源消耗)和总体经济效益进行定量分析。【结果】牧户散养奶牛和集约化奶牛养殖场在出售牲畜和牛奶方面产生的毛收益分摊在每头成年母牛上分别为0.89和2.11万元,如扣除经营成本,两种乳牛饲养模式下每头成年母牛产生的净收益分别为0.42万元(牧户散养)和0.41万元(集约化养殖)。此外集约化养殖场每生产1 t FPCM造成的环境影响为:占用草场1.19 hm2、占用耕地0.15 hm2、耗水216.47 t、消耗化石燃料1 944.19 MJ、排放温室气体0....

LCA-Based Assessment of Hulunber Ecological Grassland Technology Integration Demonstration

【Objective】 This study evaluated the comprehensive environmental effect of the process of intensive cow breeding-livestock manure utilization-natural grassland improvement. 【Method】 At first, the life cycle inventory of the milk produced under different dairy cattle cultivation modes was established. Then the comprehensive environment effects (greenhouse gas emissions, land occupation, water consumption and non-renewable energy consumption) and overall economic benefits in the whole life cycle of milk production were quantitatively analyzed by combining the experimental data of intensive cow breeding, manure utilization (including microbial fermentation organic fertilizer, earthworm breeding organic fertilizer, and mushroom breeding) and natural grassland improvement with the input data of local animal production and management. The function unit was 1 ton of standard milk (FPCM) in this analysis. 【Result】 The results showed that the mean gross income of local herdsmen’s grazing farms and intensive dairy farms was 8 900 yuan and 211 yuan per adult cow, respectively. If the operating cost was deducted, the net income of each adult cow in the two modes was 4 200 yuan (herdsmen’s grazing farm) and 4 100 yuan (intensive farm), respectively. The environmental impact caused by the production of 1 ton FPCM in intensive farm was 1.19 hm² of grassland, 0.15 hm² of arable land, 216.47 t of water, 1 944.19 MJ of fossil fuel and 0.73 t of CO_2eq of greenhouse gas. In addition to the grassland area (3.25 hm²), the environmental impact of milk production by herdsmen’s grazing farms were less than that of intensive dairy farms (0.04 hm² of cultivated land, 70.70 t of water, 892.80 MJ of fossil fuel and 0.55 t of CO_2eq greenhouse gas). Natural clipped grassland improvement could significantly increase the hay yield per hectare grassland (increased for 68.57%) and income (increased for 10.71%), it could reduce the grassland area occupied by 40.50%, but the increase of fertilization and fuel consumption in the improvement would cause environmental problems (such as more greenhouse gas emissions 17.70 times) and more fuel consumption (2.10 times). In terms of the application of livestock manure treatment and utilization technology, the cattle manure produced by intensive farms was treated and utilized through microbial fermentation, earthworm treatment and mushroom cultivation, the net income generated was equivalent to about 5%-12% of the net income generated by milk production, and the overall environmental impact was relatively small. 【Conclusion】 Intensive farms had obvious advantages in improving grassland utilization efficiency, and had great potential in improving feed energy conversion efficiency, as well as milk yield and quality. However, intensive dairy farming would increase the planting area of alfalfa, oats and other high protein forages, and cause adverse environmental effects such as more greenhouse gas emissions, more water and energy consumption. In addition, the technology of natural grassland improvement and livestock manure treatment and utilization had great application potential in Hulunber animal husbandry.