湖南稻田现代农作制特征及发展对策

研究湖南省农作制度的类型及其发展演变过程,对于指导该区域农作制度的发展具有十分重要的意义。利用近60多年来的年鉴统计数据,对湖南省稻田现代农作制特征、主体模式及布局、面临的问题和挑战进行分析,探讨其发展对策。首先,介绍了湖南省自然条件和气候资源、农作物种类、人均耕地等方面的基本情况;近60多年来农作制度的变化过程。湖南稻田现代农作制的特征主要体现为:种植业总产值占农业总产值的比重逐渐减少,林、牧、渔业所占的比例逐渐增加;粮食作物种植面积占农作物播种面积的比例下降,非粮作物和经济作物面积比重快速上升;水稻单产呈逐年上升的趋势。基于湖南省农作制特点,可划分为湘北商品型、湘中湘东城郊型、湘南外向型和湘西特色型现代农作制发展区。其次,阐明了湖南省发展稻田现代农作制所面临的问题,如人多地少、后备耕地资源不足,全省人均耕地仅为0.06 hm2;冬闲田面积增加,冬闲田面积在133万hm2以上,和经济发展与生态环境不协调、区域发展不平衡等一系列的挑战。最后,提出了从强化科技投入和政策支持、协调经济发展与农业生态环境、发展稻田多熟制、提升稻田现代农作制科学技术体系等发展对策。通过提出稻田现代农作制的战略调整,建立科学的现代农作制度技术体系,可为提升湖南省耕地综合生产能力、农业可持续发展提供科学理论依据。

Features and development countermeasures of modern farming system in Hunan Province

It is of great significance to advise the development of farming systems in Hunan Province by investigating the types and evolution process of farming systems. Based on the statistical data of the last 60 years, the features, main modes and layouts, problems and challenges and the development countermeasures of the modern farming systems in Hunan Province were discussed in the present paper. Firstly, the agricultural natural resources, climate resources, crop types, cropping land per person and the development characteristics of modern farming systems in 60 the last years were present. Meanwhile, the features of paddy modern farming systems were analyzed. For instance, the proportion of plantation production to the total agricultural production was gradually reduced, while the proportions of forestry, animal and fishery productions to the total agricultural production were gradually increased. The proportion of grain crop planting area to the total area of crops was decreased, while the proportion of cash crop planting area to the total area of crops was increased. The grain yields of rice were increased in the recent years. The layout of the paddy modern farming systems in Hunan Province was divided into four areas as follows: the northern commodity economy type, the central and eastern suburban type, the southern export-oriented type, and the western feature type. Secondly, some problems were showed during the development process of the modern farming systems, such as lack of the cultivated land resources. In Hunan Province, the cultivated land per person was 0.06 hm2, whereas the paddy fallow area was increased to 1.33?106 hm2. Meanwhile, the challenges emerged during the development process of the modern farming systems, such as the inharmonic economic development and ecological environment and unbalanced regional development. Finally, according to the problems and challenges during the development process of the modern farming systems, some corresponding solution countermeasures were proposed, such as strengthening science and technology input and policy support, coordinating economic development and agricultural ecological environment, promoting multi-cropping systems, improving modern agricultural science and technology system of paddy fields. Therefore, this paper proposed the modern scientific farming systems based on the development strategic adjustment, and provided a scientific reference for enhancing the comprehensive agricultural production capacity and sustainable agriculture development in Hunan Province.