不同类型地膜覆盖对玉米农田水热状况及产量的影响

为提高我国北方旱地作物的水分利用效率,探索可降解类型地膜的应用前景,在山西省农科院东阳试验基地,于2015年和2016年连续定点定位设置普通地膜、渗水地膜、生物降解地膜、光降解地膜4种不同类型地膜覆盖模式,以不铺膜为对照,研究不同类型地膜覆盖模式对农田水热效应和玉米产量的影响。研究结果表明:4种覆膜处理下的土壤温度在生育前期土表处分别较不铺膜处理高3.1~5.9℃;渗水地膜和生物降解地膜处理的水分利用效率显著高于其他处理(P0.05),光降解地膜和普通地膜处理次之,不铺膜对照处理最低,渗水地膜、光降解地膜、生物降解地膜、普通地膜处理的水分利用效率分别较对照高11.0、5.9、12.8、5.4 kg/(mm·hm~2)。产量方面,与对照相比较,渗水地膜、光降解地膜、生物降解地膜、普通地膜处理2015年的增产率分别为20.3%、0.1%、15.4%、8.8%;2016年的增产率分别达到44.8%、36.1%、53.6%、31.6%,表现为生物降解地膜渗水地膜普通地膜光降解地膜。地膜增温保墒作用下,处理之间的增产效果与水分利用效率变化协同,其中生物降解地膜能够显著提高玉米的水分利用效率及产量,在未来可替代普通地膜推荐应用到旱地玉米中,同时达到缓解农田残膜污染的效果。

Effects of Different Plastic Film Mulching on Soil Moistures, Temperatures and Maize Yields

In order to improve the water use efficiency of dry farmland in China, explore the application prospect of degradable plastic film, Continuous fixed positioning set five different types of plastic film mulching cultivation model experiments at field test area in Shanxi province Dongyang town, include common plastic film mulching (P), water-permeable plastic mulching film (SS), biodegradable plastic film mulching (SW), light degradation mulching (G), open shop covering (CK). The results show that: SS, G, SW, P four kinds of mulching treatments 0-60cm soil water storage in the whole growth period were higher than that of no mulch treatment CK increased 5.44mm, 7.69mm, 7.17mm, 3.73mm; at the same time, the soil temperature under mulching treatment is higher than CK 0.7-2.7 DEG C, the insulation effect of early growth is particularly evident; water use the efficiency increased 62.94% compared with CK, 27.7%, 65.15%, 25.09%. Due to significant warming effect moisture film, the yields of SS, G, SW and P treatments respectively increased by 33.68%, 16.35%, 36.27% and 21.21%, the effect of yield increase is consistent with water use efficiency, biodegradable film > water-permeable film > General film > light degradation film.