放射性核素污染土壤修复标准的若干问题

随着我国核武器试爆基地逐步对外开放、铀矿勘探和采冶活动增加以及越来越多的铀矿退役，放射性核素污染场地的治理与修复问题已初露端倪。无论是用物理、化学、生物还是工程的方法修复放射性核素污染场地，土壤修复标准或基准的制定始终是要解决的关键问题之一。虽然近年国际上有关放射性核素污染土壤修复的基础理论研究和应用研究进展很快。但放射性核素污染土壤修复标准的建立相对滞后，有待达成统一认识。而在我国，基本上没有人开展过相应的专项研究。为推动我国有关放射性核素污染土壤修复标准的建立，本文对建立放射性核素污染土壤修复标准的必要性、放射性核素污染土壤修复标准的内涵与分类、国外放射性核素污染土壤修复标准等进行了回顾与讨论，首次提出放射性核素污染土壤修复标准或基准应包括三重含义。即放射性核素污染土壤的剂量／比活度标准（第一层次）、放射性核素污染土壤的生物多样性标准（第二层次）和美学标准（第三层次）。

Some Issues Related to Cleanup Standards for Remediation of Radionuclide Contaminated Soils

With the opening of our nuclear test sites to the public, increasing uranium exploration and mining activities, as well as decommissioning of more and more uranium ore deposits, remediation and reclamation of radionuclide contaminated sites have become a problem that needs to be addressed in the future. No matter what methods (physical, chemical, biological or engineering) one uses for remediation of radionuclide contaminated sites, establishment of soil cleanup standards or reference levels is one of the key issues that needs to be solved. Although progress related to theoretical and applied research on remediation of radionuclides contaminated soils has been made in recent years, the setup of soil cleanup standards is relatively stagnant with a lot of arguments among international colleagues. In China, basically there is no special research aimed at establishing soil standard in terms of remediation of radionuclide contaminated soils. The present paper discusses the necessities of establishing radionuclide cleanup standards, their context and classification, and reviews the existing cleanup standards set up abroad for remediation of radionuclide contaminated soils. It was proposed for the first time that cleanup standards for radionuclide contaminated soils have three layers of context, including dose-activity (layer 1), biodiversity(layer 2), and aesthetics(layer 3).