云南山地橡胶园外来入侵植物的组成分析

为深入了解云南山地橡胶园外来入侵植物的种类和分布情况，采用实地调查的方式，对云南省主要植胶区范围6个州（市）的胶园入侵植物进行了调查，并结合文献资料分析了其种类组成、原产地、生活型、分布区类型及入侵性等。结果表明:云南山地胶园外来入侵植物有26科63属82种，其中菊科（18种）、蝶形花科（10种）、禾本科（6种）、苋科（5种）和茄科（5种）为优势科，占入侵植物总种数的53.66%。生活型组成主要是草本植物，有57种，占总种数的69.51%；原产地来源最多的是美洲，有62种，占总种数的75.61%；从科、属分布区类型来看，全部表现为热带成分；引入途径为人为有意引入的有41种，占总种数的50.00%；入侵等级为恶意入侵种的17种，严重入侵种的24种，两者占总种数的一半。此外，在调查中，发现了4种新纪录归化植物，分别为蓝花毛蔓豆Calopogonium caeruleum (Benth.) Britton、荨麻叶假马鞭Stachytarpheta urticaefolia (Salisb.) Sims、白花假马鞭Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl和银花苋Gomphrena celosioides Mart。其中，蓝花毛蔓豆为中国归化新纪录，其余3种为云南归化新纪录。总的来说，云南山地胶园入侵植物种类繁多，入侵形势较为严峻，对云南山地胶园中橡胶树的生长造成了直接或间接的影响，应该从4个方向进行防控:（1）强化外来入侵植物防范宣传，提升公众风险识别意识；（2）开展云南山地橡胶园外来入侵植物的专题调查；（3）注重源头管控，特别是原产美洲的外来植物，加强边境口岸外来有害生物的调查和监测；（4）制定主要危害物种防治措施与对策。

Compositive analysis of Invasive alien plants in hilly rubber plantations in Yunnan province

In order to gain an in-depth understanding of the situation of alien invasive plants in hilly rubber plantations, a field survey of the invasive alien plants in 6 prefectures/cities of Yunnan Province was conducted, and the species composition, origin, life form, distribution types and invasiveness of the invasive alien plants were analyzed in combination of the literature consulted. The results showed that were 82 species of invasive alien plants, belonging to 26 families and 63 genera in the hilly rubber plantations in Yunnan Province. Of the 26 families the families Asteraceae (18 species), Papilionaceae (10 species), Poaceae (6 species), Amaranthaceae (5 species) and Solanaceae (5 species) were dominant, with their species accounting for 53.66% of the total species. The invasive alien plants were mainly herbaceous in life form, and there were 57 species of herbaceous plants, accounting for 69.51% to the total species of the invasive alien plants. From the origin of the invasive plants the number of the species native to America was the highest, with 62 species in the hilly rubber plantations, accounting for 75.61% of the total species. From the distribution types of families and genera the invasive alien plants were all of tropical distribution at the levels of families and genera. From the pathway of introduction 47 species were introduced intentionally, accounting for 57.32% of the total species of the invasive alien plants. From the invasion severity 17 species were noxious, and 24 species serious, both of which were accounting for half of the total invasive alien species. In addition, this survey recorded four new species. Stachytarpheta urticaefolia (Salisb.) Sims, Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl and Gomphrena celosioides Mart. are new records of Yunnan Province, and Calopogonium caeruleum (Benth.) Britton is a new record of China. All of the four newly recorded species were naturalized. In general there are many species of invasive alien plants in the hilly rubber plantations in Yunnan Province, and their invasion is relatively severe, which has a direct or indirect impact on the growth of rubber trees, and effective measures should hence be taken to prevent and control of the invasive alien plants in the hilly rubber plantations in Yunnan province.