Management of runoff stored in small tanks for transplanted rice production in the mid-hills of Northwest Himalaya |
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| Institution: | 1. Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica (DEM), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22453-900, Brazil;2. Departamento de Engenharia Química e de Materiais (DEQM), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22453-900, Brazil;3. Peugeot Citroën do Brasil Automóveis Ltda., Porto Real, Rio de Janeiro 27570-000, Brazil;1. Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Yangling Vocational & Technical College, Yang Ling, Shaanxi, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China;3. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory-University of Maryland Joint Global Change Research Institute, 5825 University Research Court, Suite, 3500, College Park, MD, USA;4. Department of Bioengineering, Yangling Vocational & Technical College, Yang Ling, Shaanxi, China;5. School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA;1. Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China;2. Biofuel Research Team (BRTeam), Terengganu, Malaysia;3. Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan;4. Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Kitiou Kyprianou 36, 3041, Limassol, Cyprus;5. Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland''s Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK;6. Centre for Safe and Improved Food, Scotland''s Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK;7. School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea;8. Department of Mechanical Engineering of Agricultural Machinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran;9. Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia;10. Department of Economics and Statistics “Cognetti de Martiis”, University of Turin, Turin, Italy;11. Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Extension, and Education Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran;12. Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia;1. Centre of Excellence for NRDMS in Uttarakhand, Department of Geography, Kumaun University, SSJ Campus, Almora 263601, India;2. Department of Geography, Kumaun University, SSJ Campus, Almora 263601, India;1. Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China;2. University de Liège, GxABT, Terra Research Center, 2 Passage des Déportés, Gembloux 5030, Belgium;3. Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinnan 250000, PR China;4. Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chianese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China;5. Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA;1. College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250358, China;2. Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi''an 710127, China;3. State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangling, 712100, China;4. State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China;5. Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Resources Security, Wuhan, 430072, China;6. CSIRO Land and Water, GPO Box 1666, ACTON 2601, Canberra, Australia;7. Institute of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Resource and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, 450045, China;8. Fenner School of Environmental and Society, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia |
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| Abstract: | Scarcity of water in upland areas limits the growing of transplanted rice and the yield of rice grown under rainfed conditions is very low. As the first priority for the use of runoff recycling based water resources is in the dry season followed by the monsoon season, a strategy has been developed to use the surplus water (occurring during the early monsoon season) to grow transplanted rice without compromising the dry season irrigation. Field experiments revealed that under the mid-hill conditions, transplanted rice can be grown as transplanted in 5 cm standing water and thereafter tainted, requiring only 3.0–3.5 cm of water with a yield reduction of about 25% as compared to generally recommended intermittent submergence (2 days after the disappearance of water) requiring 100–130 cm of water. However, the reduction in yield was not significant if 1 week of initial ponding just after transplanting was created. Based on rainfall-runoff analysis, graphs were developed for runoff and volume of water available in water tanks in different durations of early monsoon periods, command-catchment area ratio and the volume of water available after irrigation which is to be used in dry season, as a function of runoff curve numbers. These graphs can be consulted directly to plan irrigation systems for transplanted rice in upland areas. |
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