养殖鱼类的动物福利与产品品质

以动物福利和人类福利的关联性为出发点,探讨我国水产养殖产业的潜在升级驱动力,目标是探索从终端品质倒推我国水产养殖产业从量到质升级的切实可行性。本文以养殖鱼类为焦点,从动物福利视角探索我国水产品形象与品质的提升空间,从以下几个方面进行了系统回顾。第一,基于对陆生脊椎动物福利的五项自由原则和三大范畴的系统回顾,对比动物福利在家畜家禽业的研究发展历程,对鱼类福利的发展历程与现状进行了脉络梳理;第二,针对鱼类福利的量化评估问题,从生理应激、行为应激以及心理应激三大应激响应机制,对与鱼类福利评价体系相关的研究进展进行了回顾,重点针对评价指标及评价方法进行了归纳总结;第三,针对养殖鱼类产业,重点对养殖过程、离水捕捞以及致死处置三个主要环节的鱼类福利特点及研究利用现状进行了分析讨论。最后,分析指出我国渔后动物福利存在盲区,提出了品质易逝期动物福利方案的思路。提出基于品质易逝期动物福利原则以实现锁鲜调控的展望：①为最大限度保持原料天然属性,突破“活而不鲜”的困局;②为改变初级水产品销售现状,减少渔后损失实行渔后的产业化;③为降低水产品供应链碳排放;④为实现水产动物福利等,提供一揽子解决方案的研究与实践范式。总之,科学解读渔后动物福利对于终端品质升级提供具有靶向性指导,同时通过优质产品形象为我国渔业产业赋予人文内涵。

A review of animal welfare in farmed fish and impacts on product quality

From the point of view of the link between animal welfare and human welfare, the potential upgrading driving force of domestic aquaculture industry was discussed, tracing from the products quality- upgrading back to the practical feasibility of the industry-updating from quantity to quality. This paper focuses on fish aquaculture, explores the space for improving the quality reputation of domestic fish products from the perspective of animal welfare, and systematically reviews from the following aspects. Firstly, the "Five Freedoms" principle and the definition scope of animal welfare were reviewed,and the development process and current situation of fish welfare were discussed comparing with the research and development process of animal welfare in livestock and poultry industry. Secondly, focusing on the quantitative assessment of fish welfare, the literatures related to the fish welfare evaluation system were reviewed,the evaluation indicators and evaluation methods were summarized from stress mechanisms of physiological response, behavioral response and psychological/pain response. Thirdly, in view of the fish aquaculture industry, the fish welfare profiles and practice status were analyzed and discussed, with emphasizing on aquaculture production, catching and post-harvest handling. Finally, a ignored fish welfare link from catching to death was pointed out,which is the critical transform phase from live animal to food raw material. And a package solution of fish welfare at the quality determination period was prospected: (1) to maintain the natural fish properties to the maximum, break through the dilemma of "live but not tasty enough "; (2) to change the current situation of sales of primary aquatic products and reduce both quantity and quality losses at post-harvest, implement post-fishery industrialization;(3) to reduce carbon emissions in the supply chain by replacing freshness-locked products instead of live fish. In conclusion, the implementation of animal welfare at the critical transform phase is necessary to provide targeted guidance for the practicing of harvest and post-harvest handling/slaughtering, and at the same time enrich humanities cultural to domestic seafood products through high-quality products induced by high animal welfare.