Pharmacokinetics of ketamine in plasma and milk of mature Holstein cows |
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| Authors: | G SELLERS H C LIN M G RIDDELL W R RAVIS Y J LIN S H DURAN M D GIVENS |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA;2. Executive Vice President, American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Auburn, AL, USA;3. Department of Pharmacal Sciences, Harrison School of Pharmacy Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA;4. Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA |
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| Abstract: | Sellers, G., Lin, H. C., G. Riddell, M. G., Ravis, W. R., Lin, Y. J., Duran, S. H., Givens, M.D. Pharmacokinetics of ketamine in plasma and milk of mature Holstein cows. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 33 , 480–484. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of ketamine in mature Holstein cows following administration of a single intravenous (i.v.) dose. Plasma and milk concentrations were determined using a high‐performance liquid chromatography assay. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using a noncompartmental method. Following i.v. administration, plasma Tmax was 0.083 h and plasma Cmax was 18 135 ± 22 720 ng/mL. Plasma AUC was 4484 ± 1,398 ng·h/mL. Plasma t½β was 1.80 ± 0.50 h and mean residence time was 0.794 ± 0.318 h with total body clearance of 1.29 ± 0.70 L/h/kg. The mean plasma steady‐state volume of distribution was calculated as 0.990 ± 0.530 L/kg and volume of distribution based on area was calculated as 3.23 ± 1.51 L/kg. The last measurable time for ketamine detection in plasma was 8.0 h with a mean concentration of 24.9 ± 11.8 ng/mL. Milk Tmax was detected at 0.67 ± 0.26 h with Cmax of 2495 ± 904 ng/mL. Milk AUC till the last time was 6593 ± 2617 ng·h/mL with mean AUC milk to AUC plasma ratio of 1.99 ± 2.15. The last measurable time that ketamine was detected in milk was 44 ± 10.0 h with a mean concentration of 16.0 ± 9.0 ng/mL. |
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