辣椒大、小孢子发生与雌、雄配子体发育的研究

运用常规石蜡制片技术与光学显微镜技术研究了辣椒（Capsicum annuum L.）大、小孢子发生以及雌、雄配子体的发育。结果表明：辣椒具5枚花药，花药4室，花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、2～3层中层和腺质异型绒毡层组成。药室外侧绒毡层由初生周缘细胞衍生而来；药室内侧绒毡层由药隔细胞衍生而来，共同对雄配子体的发育起关键作用。雄蕊中为多孢原，每个药室的横切面为两排小孢子母细胞，经减数分裂后，胞质分裂为同时型，四分体的排列为四面体型和十字型。成熟花粉具3个萌发孔，为二细胞型花粉。中央特立胎座，多胚珠，倒生，单珠被，薄珠心，具有珠被绒毡层。胚珠内为单孢原，胞原直接发育为大孢子母细胞，经减数分裂形成线形四分体，合点端倒数第2个大孢子发育为功能大孢子，经连续3次有丝分裂发育为七细胞七核的成熟胚囊，雌配子体的发育为蓼型。雄蕊发育早于雌蕊，花蕾开放前，雌、雄蕊发育趋于同步。开花时，散出的花粉落到自身雌蕊柱头上，从而实现自花授粉受精。讨论了异型绒毡层的来源、形态结构特点与雄性不育的相关性。

Studies on the Megasporogenesis, Microsporogenesis and Development of Female and Male Gametophyte of Capsicum annuum L.

This paper studies the megasporogenesis, microsporogenesis and development of female and male megasporogenesis of Capsicum annuum L. by means of routine paraffin-embedded sectioning technique. The results are as follows: Five anthers, four locule. The anther wall comprises an epidermis, endothecium, 2 or 3 middle layers and glandular heterotypic tapetum. Towards the outer side the tapetum is derived from the primary parietal layer, whereas on the inner side it develops from the cells of connective. Both of the two kinds of tapetum contribute to the development of male gametophyte. Archesporium in the stamen is multicellular. There are two rows of microspore mother cells on the transverse section of each locule. Meiotic divisions in microspore mother cells are followed by simultaneous cytokinesis and result in tetrahedral and decussate tetrads. Pollen grains are three-porate and two-celled at mature stage. Free-central placentation and polyovulatus. The ovule is anatropous, unitegmic and tenuinucellal with the endothelium. The single archesporial cell functions directly as megaspore mother cell. The later undergoes meiotic divisions and develops into linear tetrad. The third megaspore is the functional one which undergoes three times mitosis and develops into a mature embryo sac with 7 cells and 7 nuclei. Embryo sac is of Polygonum type. The development of stamen is earlier than that of pistil, they synchronize before blossom. When blossom, the dispersed pollen grains arrive at the stigma of its own pistil so that self-pollination is completed. Here we discuss the derivation of heterotypic tapetum, characteristics of its morpha and structure, and relationship between the tapetum and male sterlity.