转基因植物疫苗的研究进展

随着基因工程技术、免疫学和分子生物学技术的飞速发展,疫苗的种类不断增多、生产方式不断建立和优化。利用转基因技术将植物作为生物反应器,生产出转基因植物疫苗已成为研究热点之一。转基因植物疫苗的制备主要通过目标抗原的确定、受体植物的选择、植物表达载体的构建、转化、表达及检测等步骤组成。目前,转基因植物疫苗按照功能可大体分为细菌疫苗、病毒疫苗、寄生虫疫苗、避孕疫苗及糖尿病疫苗等,并已成功在植物中陆续表达了抗原基因。经一系列生物或临床试验后,在机体中均产生了明显的免疫应答,在试验范围内分别起到了抵抗病原微生物、防治寄生虫、避孕、预防治疗糖尿病等作用。通过优化启动子、选取高表达量受体植物、采用外源蛋白叶绿体表达、敲除转基因植物抗性基因等手段,将不断弥补转基因植物疫苗应用方面的不足。本文主要综述了转基因植物疫苗创制的基本流程、研究进展等,以期为今后转基因植物疫苗的开发和应用提供参考与思路。

Progress on Transgenic Plants Vaccines

With the rapid development of genetic engineering, immunology and molecular biology technologies, the types of vaccines are increasing, and the methods are being continuously established and optimized. Using transgenic plants as bioreactors to produce transgenic plant vaccines has become one of hot topics today. The preparation of transgenic plant vaccines mainly comprises of determining the target antigen, selecting the recipient plant, constructing the plant expression vector, transforming, expressing, detecting and so on. Nowadays, genetically modified plant vaccines can be broadly classified into bacterial vaccines, viral vaccines, parasitic vaccines, contraceptive vaccines and diabetes vaccines by function, the corresponding antigens have been successfully expressed in plants. After a series of biological or clinical trials, obvious immune responses were produced in the bodies, which played a role in resisting pathogenic microorganisms, preventing and controlling parasites, contraception, and preventing and treating diabetes respectively during the experiment. The shortcomings of transgenic plant vaccines will be continuously overcome by optimizing the promoter, selecting high expression receptor plants, using exogenous protein chloroplast expression, knocking out resistance genes in transgenic plant and other new methods. This paper mainly reviews the basic procedures and research progress of transgenic plant vaccines, so as to provide references and ideas for the development and application of transgenic plant vaccine in the future.