Tillage and rainfall effects on random roughness: A review |
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| Institution: | 1. Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Ciudad Universitaria, San Manuel, Puebla, Código Postal 72570, Mexico;2. Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Facultad de Química y Biología, Laboratorio de Química Teórica, Santiago, Chile;3. Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Ingeniería, Apdo. Postal J-39, Puebla, Pue. 72570, Mexico;4. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Departamento de Física y Química Teórica, DEPg-Facultad de Química, México D.F., C.P. 04510, Mexico;1. Materials Science and Engineering Postgraduate Program, Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-970 Natal, RN, Brazil;2. Modeling and Molecular Simulation Group, São Paulo State University, 17033-360 Bauru, SP, Brazil;3. Sao Paulo State University – UNESP, Physics Department, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil;1. ISMAR-CNR, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, Roma 00100, Italy;2. INFN, Sezione Roma1, Dip. Fisica, Piazzale A. Moro, Roma, Italy;3. Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;4. Dipartimento di Scienze Statistiche, Università “La Sapienza”, Piazza Aldo Moro, Roma, Italy;5. BCAM. Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, Alameda de Mazarredo 14, E-48009 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain;1. School of Mathematics, Hunan First Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China;2. Center for Discrete Mathematics, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China |
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| Abstract: | Soil microrelief, or roughness, as a result of tillage can have considerable impact on the rate and amount of wind and water erosion. This study is a review and analtsis of previous studies dealing with factors associated with the formation of tillage-induced random (non-oriented) roughness of the soil surface. Random roughness (RR) has been defined as the standard error of individual elevations after oriented roughness has been removed. In addition to being a function of the soil and its properties, RR is affected by many other factors. Tillage, rainfall amount and kinetic energy, runoff and soil texture effects on random roughness are discussed. Tillage and rainfall had the greatest effect on random roughness. A model predicting changes in random roughness with changes in tillage and rainfall amount is proposed. Random roughness varied from 5.0 cm for a large offset disk operation to 0.7 cm for no-till systems and decreased exponentially with increasing rainfall. The proposed model will make a significant contribution to new models, currently under development, to predict the effects of wind and water erosion on soil movement. |
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