农药兑水茎叶喷施对靶沉积剂量传递与调控研究进展

农药兑水茎叶喷施对靶沉积是一个复杂的剂量传递与分布过程,涉及制剂形成、药液配制、雾化分散、空间运行、叶面沉积和稳态持留等动态过程,受到药剂特性、环境因素、为害规律、植株形态和叶面结构等多因素影响,在水稻、小麦和玉米三大粮食作物上对靶沉积率为40.6%。其中,对不同区域、不同靶标作物种植体系中农药损失规律和高效利用机理研究与认识不足,是农药对靶沉积剂量传递效率低的主要原因之一。本文以农药向靶标作物及有害生物传递的过程行为为主线,将农药兑水茎叶喷施对靶沉积的剂量传递过程分解为雾滴空间运行、叶面动态沉积和稳态持留3个过程,从空间维度综述了各过程中的表观现象与行为、损失规律及其调控机制途径与技术等;从技术发展与进步角度,分析了农药对靶沉积剂量传递与调控研究和认知的发展思路,概述了典型代表性成果,提出了未来研究与发展建议。期望客观认知农药高效对靶沉积的损失规律与调控机制,探析主控过程与影响因子,提出农药减量施用调控方法、控制技术指标及功能助剂施用限量标准等,为农药减施增效关键技术与产品研发提供理论与技术支持。

Research progress in target dose transfer and regulation of pesticides deposition by foliar spray diluted with water

Target dose transfer of pesticide deposition by foliar spray diluted with water is a complex process, involving formation preparation, dilution with water, atomization, spatial dispersion, foliar deposition, and retention. Because of the influence of many factors, such as physicochemical properties of pesticides, environmental factors, damage rules, foliar structure, and so on, the target deposition rate is 40.6% on the three major food crops rice, wheat, and corn. One of the main reasons for the low dose transfer efficiency of pesticides to target is the lack of research and comprehension of the loss law and efficient utilization mechanism of pesticides in different regions and target crop cropping systems. Based on the dose transfer process of pesticides to target crops and pests, the target dose transfer of pesticides deposition by foliar spray diluted with water is considered as droplet spatial dispersion, foliar dynamic deposition, and steady-state retention according to the time sequence. The advances in loss phenomena and behavior, rules and mechanism, regulatory approaches, and methods from each dose transfer step were reviewed from the spatial dimension. From the perspective of technological development and progress, the development of research and cognition on dose transfer and the regulation of pesticide to target deposition was analyzed, the typical representative results were summarized, and suggestions for future research and development were proposed. It is expected to objectively recognize the achievements of dose transfer and regulation of pesticides on target deposition. More attention should be paid to researching the loss rules of pesticide efficient transfer and deposition to targets, exploring the main control process and influencing factors, and revealing the mechanism of efficient utilization and regulation. The regulation methods, technical parameters, and application limit standards of functional surfactants were put forward. This review provides theoretical and technical support for the development of key technology and product that can reduce the application and increase the efficiency of pesticides.