小麦铝胁迫相关基因的研究进展

铝胁迫是世界范围内酸性土壤中抑制作物生长的主要因素。铝胁迫能够抑制细胞伸长和细胞分裂，导致根部发育迟缓并伴随着水分和营养吸收的降低。目前，铝胁迫对谷物尤其是小麦、黑麦等的影响进行了一系列遗传分析研究。在铝胁迫处理的Warigal小麦（Al敏感品种）中发现了7个wali基因，分别为wali1，wali2，wali3，wali4，wali5，wali6和wali7。wali1编码植物类金属硫蛋白，与拟南芥、大豆、豌豆、野生猴面花、玉米和大麦等植物金属硫蛋白同源；wali2编码的蛋白与数据库中的其他序列没有明显的同源性；wali3，wali5和wali6编码的蛋白是丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂Bowman-Birk家族的成员，具有该家族的保守结构域；wali4编码的蛋白与苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）同源；wali7与玉米、水稻的茎部特异性基因具有较高同源性，编码的蛋白是Gn_AT_II家族的一个成员。随后，在Victory小麦（Al敏感品种）分离出β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和fimbrin-like细胞骨架蛋白基因；在Atlas 66小麦（Al敏感品种）筛选出4个铝调控基因war4.2、war5.2、war7.2和war13.2，序列比对显示四个基因分别与过氧化物酶、半胱氨酸酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶和草酸氧化酶同源。铝胁迫影响了植物生命活动的方方面面，植物也进化出了许多措施来对抗铝胁迫。此文主要就小麦铝胁迫相关蛋白的基本结构特征、生物学功能、表达调控以及最新研究进展进行综述。

Recent Progress on the Genes Related to Aluminum Stress in Wheat

Aluminum （Al） toxicity is a major constraint factor for crop production in acidic soil worldwide. The Al toxicity can cause inhibition of cell elongation and cell division, leading to root stunting accompanied by reduced water and nutrient uptake. With respect of genetic analysis of Al tolerance, the work had been done in cereals especially among members of the Triticeae （eg, wheat, rye）. It was reported that seven wheat aluminum-induced genes （wali1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6 and -7） were isolated from an Al-sensitive wheat cultivar （Triticum aestivum L. cv. Warigal）, which were response to aluminum stress. The wali1 encoded a plant metallothionein-like protein, homologous to the proteins from a number of other plant species, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, Glycine max, Pisum sativum, Mimulus guttatus, Zea mays and Hordeum vulgare. The wali2 coding protein had no significant homology with any sequence currently in the databases. The proteins encoded by wali3, wali5 and wali6 were the members of serine proteinase inhibitor- Bowman-Birk family, which had the conserved Bowman-Birk domains. The protein which wali4 encoded showed homology to the enzyme PAL. The protein encoded by wali7, a member of Gn-AT-II superfamily, had significant homology with stem-specific proteins from Zea mays and Oryza sativa. Subsequently, a β -1,3-glucanase gene and fimbrin-like mRNA were isolated from an Al-sensitive wheat （T. aestivum L. cv. Victory） cultivar. Using differential screening of a root tip cDNA library prepared from an Al-tolerant wheat cultivar （T. aestivum L. cv. Atlas-66） exposed to Al, it was reported that several wheat aluminum-regulated （War） genes were cloned. Sequence comparison revealed that the genes up-regulated by Al encode peroxidase （war4.2）, cysteine proteinase （war5.2）, phenylalanine-ammonia lyase （war7.2）, and oxalate oxidase （war13.2）, respectively. The Al toxicity affected the biological functions of the plant in many different aspects. However, plant cells were well equipped with many ways help to detoxify. This article reviewed the progress of the basic structure, biological function, expression regulation of the genes related to wheat aluminum stress and their novel research.