日光温室栽培基质有效导热系数预测模型

栽培基质为固流两相组成的多组分材料，其导热系数是日光温室热环境营造过程中重要的热参数之一，在温室地面热量的传输中起着重要的作用。为了预测日光温室生产中栽培基质的有效导热系数，以珍珠岩、蛭石、炉渣、河沙、椰糠、泥炭及腐熟牛粪与花生壳8种常用单一基质为研究对象，首先利用干燥与饱和状态下基质有效导热系数的测试结果，通过复合材料有效特性混合模型的反向计算，确定了8种单一基质的固相导热系数，得到珍珠岩、蛭石、炉渣、河沙、椰糠、泥炭及腐熟牛粪与花生壳的固相导热系数分别为0.058、0.139、0.252、0.817、0.148、0.518、0.262及0.066 W/(m·K)；其次，利用复配基质有效导热系数的实测结果，通过复合材料有效特性混合模型的正向与反向计算，明确了组成固相的各组分呈并联关系排列，并确定了复配基质中固相导热系数与基质各组分体积比例的关联；进一步将复配基质在不同饱和度下的有效导热系数实测值与基于6种复合材料导热系数模型理论计算值进行比较。结果表明：并联模型适用于复配基质有效导热系数的理论计算，构建了日光温室栽培基质有效导热系数的预测模型。采用实际生产中常用的4种育苗和栽培基质在不同饱和度下的有效导热系数对所建模型进行检验，模型预测值和实测值的平均相对偏差范围为0.42%～1.76%。基于并联模型构建的有效导热系数预测模型能够较为准确的计算日光温室栽培基质在不同饱和度下的有效导热系数。

Prediction models for the effective thermal conductivity of cultivation substrates in solar greenhouses

Abstract: The thermal conductivity of cultivation substrates has been one of the most important parameters in the heat transmission of ground under the thermal environment in a solar greenhouse. Among them, the cultivation substrate is one type of multicomponent material with solid and liquid phases. In this study, prediction models were proposed for the effective thermal conductivity of unsaturated cultivation substrates in the production of a solar greenhouse. Eight commonly-used single substrates were taken as the research objects, such as perlite, vermiculite, cinder, river sand, coco coir, peat, decomposed cow dung, and peanut shell. The thermal conductivities of the substrates were measured using the guarded hot plate apparatus. The test temperature was set at 20°C, where the temperatures of the hot and cold plates were 25°C and 15°C, respectively. Firstly, the effective thermal conductivity of the solid phase in the eight single substrates in dry and saturation was determined to reversely calculate the hybrid models for the effective characteristics of composite materials, such as Series, Parallel, Johansen Geometric Mean, Maxwell-Eucken 1, Maxwell-Eucken 2, Effective Medium Theory, Series Parallel-Arithmetic Mean, Series Parallel-Harmonic Mean, Series Parallel-Geometric Mean, Maxwell Eucken-Arithmetic Mean, Maxwell Eucken-Harmonic Mean, and Maxwell Eucken-Geometric Mean model. The solid-phase thermal conductivities of perlite, vermiculite, cinder, river sand, coco coir, peat, and decomposed cow dung and peanut shell were 0.058, 0.139, 0.252, 0.817, 0.148, 0.518, 0.262, and 0.066 W/ (m·K), respectively. Secondly, the components of the solid phase were arranged in parallel using the forward and reverse calculation of the hybrid model for the effective characteristics of the composite materials, according to the measured effective thermal conductivity of the complex substrates. The least-square method was selected to verify the thermal conductivity of the six single models. It was found that the Parallel model presented the smallest among the six single models, such as Series, Parallel, Johansen Geometric Mean, Maxwell-Eucken 1, Maxwell-Eucken 2, and Effective Medium Theory model. Finally, the correlation analysis was made between the thermal conductivity of the solid phase and the volume proportion of each component in the composite substrates. Furthermore, a comparison was made on the experimental and theoretical values for the effective thermal conductivity of the composite substrates under different saturation degrees. The results show that the calculated values of the Parallel model were the closest to the measured ones, and the least-squares calculation presented the smallest among the six prediction models of effective thermal conductivity. Therefore, the Parallel model was suitable for the theoretical calculation and prediction for the effective thermal conductivity of the composite substrates. Moreover, four seedling and cultivation substrates were selected to verify the model, such as vermiculite:peat=8:2, cow dung:perlite:coco coir=1:1:1, peanut shell:vermiculite:perlite=5:3:2, and river sand:peat:vermiculite=2:1:3, commonly-used in practice under different saturation degrees. The average relative deviation between the theoretical and experimental values of the Parallel model was 0.42%-1.76%, indicating better performance. Consequently, the Parallel model can be used to accurately predict the effective thermal conductivity of the cultivation substrates in actual production under various saturation degrees in a solar greenhouse. This finding can provide a strong reference for the effective thermal conductivity of porous media in unsaturated cultivation substrates of a solar greenhouse.