河南省主要气象因子变化及其对主要粮食作物单产的影响特征

基于统计数据,分析河南省主要气象因子对主要粮食作物单产变化的影响,为气候变化条件下作物适应性措施的选择提供依据。研究基于中国气象局数据（1960-2018年）和河南省统计年鉴数据（1985-2018年）,分析了年均气温、年日照时数、年降雨量和年均相对湿度4种气象因子,及小麦、玉米和水稻3种典型粮食作物单产的变化趋势及其相关性特征。结果显示,1960年以来河南省年均气温平均每10年升高0.20℃,豫西和豫中地区年均气温升高幅度略小于其他地区,豫东地区年均气温升高幅度最高。年降雨量整体随时间变化趋势不明显,但年际间变化幅度较大,以豫南地区变幅最高。年日照时数随时间显著下降,平均每10年减少122.8h。除豫西地区外,其他地区年均相对湿度呈下降趋势。全省小麦和水稻单产均随时间呈显著上升趋势,平均每10年分别增加1 158kg/hm²和1 050kg/hm²;而玉米单产随时间上升趋势较平缓,平均每10年增加670kg/hm²。年均气温对3种作物单产影响最大,而年日照时数和年均相对湿度次之,年降雨量因不同区域灌溉条件不同,对作物单产影响较小。总的来说,河南省各区域年均气温明显上升,而年日照时数和年均相对湿度呈下降趋势,年降雨量随时间变化不明显,但年际间浮动较大。小麦和水稻单产呈明显上升趋势,但玉米单产趋于稳定。年均气温和年日照时数对3种作物影响显著,年降雨量和年均相对湿度在豫北、豫中和豫东地区影响较小。

The Characteristics of Climate Factors Change and Its Effects on Main Grain Crops Yield per Unit Area in Henan Province

Based on the data from the statistics record,we analyzed the effect of main climatic factors on main grain crops yield per unit area in Henan province.It was aimed to provide the theoretical basis for crop adaptability management selection under climate change condition.The study was based on the climate data from China Meteorological Organization during 1960-2018 and the wheat,maize and rice yield per unit area from statistics yearbook of Henan Province during 1985-2018.The dynamics of four climate factors,the annual mean temperature(AMT),annual precipitation(AP),annual sunshine hours(ASH),and annual mean relative humidity(AMRH)together with three crops yield per unit area(wheat,maize and rice),and their relationship were analyzed.The results showed,the AMT was raised 0.20℃/10a,and the highest increment was in the eastern Henan,and the lowest one was in western and center of Henan.There was no obviously trend of AP with time,whereas its fluctuation among years was large,especially in the southern Henan.The ASH was clearly decreased with time in all regions,and with the mean descent rate as 122.8h/10a.The AMRH was decreased in all region except the eastern Henan.The wheat and rice yield were significantly increased with time by 1158 and 1050kg/ha per ten years,respectively.While the maize yield was slowly increased,with the increase rate of 670kg/ha per ten years.The AMT significantly affected the three crops yield per unit area,and followed by ASH and AMRH.Since there was irrigation condition varied in different regions,the crops yield per unit area were litter affected by AP.Generally,the AMT raised significantly,while the ASH and AMRH declined with time.The AP was obviously fluctuated with year.Wheat and rice yield per unit area increased significantly with time,while maize yield was stable.The crops yield per unit area was sensitive with AMT and ASH but not with AP and AMRH,especial in northern,center and eastern Henan province.