近10年农作物主要病虫害发生危害情况的统计和分析

2006-2015年,我国农作物病虫草鼠害总体处于严重发生状态,各类病虫害年发生面积在4.603 5亿~5.075 3亿hm2次,年均挽回粮食损失9 684.68万t,占全国粮食总产的17.35%;年均实际损失粮食1 965.49万t,占全国粮食总产的3.53%。五大粮食作物中每年通过防治挽回损失的比例,水稻、小麦、玉米、大豆和马铃薯分别占55.18%、21.29%、18.97%、1.88%和2.68%,实际造成损失的比例分别占33.67%、23.31%、35.13%、2.11%和5.79%。影响全国粮食生产最为重要的10种(类)病虫害依次为稻飞虱、水稻纹枯病、稻纵卷叶螟、玉米螟、小麦蚜虫、二化螟、稻瘟病、小麦纹枯病、小麦赤霉病、小麦白粉病;某一个病虫暴发危害时最高可实际造成200万t以上的粮食损失,总损失可达2 200万t,占某类粮食总产的12%左右,对国家粮食安全影响巨大。最具暴发和流行危害特点的种类主要有稻飞虱、稻纵卷叶螟、稻瘟病、小麦条锈病、小麦赤霉病和黏虫等6种。本文运用大量翔实的历史数据统计分析了近10年来水稻、小麦、玉米三大粮食作物病虫害的危害损失和暴发危害情况。

Statistics and analysis of crop yield losses caused by main diseases and insect pests in recent 10 years

Crop pests have occurred severely with an occurrence area of 460.35 million-507.53 million hm2 annually in China during 2006-2015. The pests resulted in a large yield loss of 19.7 million tons, which accounted for 3.53% of the total grain production, and control of these pests retrieved a yield loss of 96.85 million tons, about 17.35 % of the total grain production. 55.18%, 21.29%, 18.97%, 1.88% and 2.68% of the production of five most produced grains rice, wheat, maize, soybean, and potato production were retrieved, respectively, through control methods, but led to large yield losses of 33.67%, 23.31%, 35.13%, 2.11% and 5.79%, respectively. The 10 most destructive pests included rice planthopper, rice sheath blight, rice leaf roller, corn borer, wheat aphid, striped rice borer, rice blast, wheat sharp eyespot, Fusarium head blight, wheat powdery mildew. Once a single pest outbreak, it would lead to a yield loss of more than 2 million tons, and total production loss would be 22 million tons, which was about 12% of the production of a single grain crop. Among the destructive pests, it is the rice planthopper, rice leaf roller, rice blast, wheat stripe rust, Fusarium head blight, and armyworm that usually outbreak or become epidemic under appropriate conditions. In this report, the yield loss and outbreak of pests on rice, wheat, and maize were analyzed with mass data during the past 10 years