长期配方施肥对作物产量和土壤养分含量的影响

为合理优化施肥结构，制定科学的作物肥料配方，提高耕地地力水平，实现耕地资源可持续利用。2006—2013 年笔者通过对山东省临沂市河东区4 种土壤进行长期定位配方施肥，研究了配方施肥对作物产量及土壤养分含量的影响。结果显示：各处理配方施肥处理作物平均产量明显高于习惯施肥。2013 年配方施肥处理和习惯施肥处理土壤碱解氮含量、土壤速效钾含量均比2006 年增加，其中习惯施肥处理土壤碱解氮含量增幅较配方施肥处理大，而配方施肥处理土壤速效钾含量增幅较习惯施肥处理大；2006—2010 年配方施肥处理土壤有效磷变化不明显，2010 年后土壤有效磷呈下降趋势；2006—2013 习惯施肥处理土壤有效磷含量相对较稳定。配方施肥通过合理调整氮、磷、钾肥的比例和用量，大幅减少了肥料投入，显著提高了作物产量，有效促进了土壤养分均衡。

Effects of Long-term Formulated Fertilization on Crop Yield and Soil Nutrient Content

The study aimed to optimize the fertilization system, make the crop fertilizer formula scientific, improve the soil fertility levels and realize the sustainable land utilization. A long-term field experiment was conducted to study the effects of formulated fertilization on crop yield and soil nutrient contents in Hedong District of Linyi City from 2006 to 2013. The results showed that crop yield significantly increased while fertilizer input sharply decreased with formulated fertilization, comparing to conventional fertilization. The soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen and available potassium contents of both treatments were higher in 2013 than 2006. However, compared to formulated fertilization, the increase amplitudes of soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen in conventional fertilization treatment from 2006 to 2013 were higher, while the increase amplitudes of available potassium were lower. The soil available phosphorus had no significant change from 2006 to 2010, but showed a tendency of decreasing since 2010. The soil available P was relatively stable of conventional fertilization from 2006 to2013. Soil testing and formula fertilization could not only reduce the fertilizer input, but also increase the crop yield and promote the soil nutrients balanced by adjusting the use level of N, P and K fertilizer.