Wind speed and wind-associated leaf injury affect severity of citrus canker on Swingle citrumelo |
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Authors: | C H Bock James H Graham Tim R Gottwald Amanda Z Cook Paul E Parker |
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Institution: | (1) SEFTNRL-USDA-ARS, 21 Dunbar Road, Byron, GA 31008, USA;(2) University of Florida, CREC, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA;(3) USDA-ARS-USHRL, 2001 S. Rock Rd., Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA;(4) USDA-APHIS-PPQ, Moore Air Base, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA |
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Abstract: | Citrus canker (caused by the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, Xcc) can cause severe damage to citrus. It is endemic in Florida, and occurs in other citrus growing regions. The bacterium is
dispersed predominantly in rain splash. To simulate dispersal in splash, and to investigate the effect of wind speed on infection,
young plants of Swingle citrumelo were exposed to sprayed inoculum at different wind speeds. Wind was generated using an axial
fan, and a pressurized sprayer delivered the inoculum spray. In the five experiments, higher wind speeds (>10 m s−1) consistently resulted in higher incidence and severity of citrus canker developing. By 15 ms−1, there was a dramatic increase in disease. Visible injury to leaves of Swingle citrumelo due to wind was evident at wind
speeds ≥ 13 m s−1. The relationship between wind speed and disease, and wind speed and injury was described by a logistic model. More disease
was associated with visible injury as the wind speed increased, and disease not associated with visible injury also increased
with wind speed. The petiole-leaflet junction was more often infected at higher wind speeds (≥17 m s−1). The concentration of the Xcc inoculum increased the incidence and severity of citrus canker in all experiments. Reducing wind speed in citrus groves with
the aid of wind breaks may contribute to a reduction in the severity of an epidemic by reducing dispersal and infection events. |
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