冬小麦杂种优势表现及分析

用142个普通小麦为亲本配制杂交组合273个,以冬小麦品种石4185为对照,对F1代材料的株高、株穗数、穗长、小穗数、穗粒数和千粒重性状表现进行了分析。结果表明：F1代杂种优势范围为38.7%～124.0%,性状顺序为株穗数〉穗粒数〉株高〉千粒重〉穗长〉小穗数。千粒重正向杂种优势与负向杂种优势之比为4.39∶1,其次为穗粒数、小穗数、穗长、株穗数和株高。有96.70%的组合千粒重〉CK,而小穗数和株穗数的负优势组合数分别占观察总数的71.79%和56.04%。逐步回归分析发现,影响杂种优势的主要因素顺序为株穗数〉穗粒数〉千粒重〉株高,分别达到了极显著和显著水平,决定系数R2=0.99。小麦单一性状杂种优势十分明显,对杂交种开发具有较大的遗传潜力。从应用角度看,株穗数、穗粒数和千粒重均〉CK且株高≤CK的组合数仅有14个,只占观察总数的5.13%,比例较小。株穗数、穗粒数、千粒重的正向超标优势分别为64.0%、59.2%和51.8%,位居所有参试性状前3位。在小麦杂交育种中,可根据不同的产量结构如大穗型、大粒型、多穗型进行组合搭配,同时注重显性矮秆基因的利用。

Heterosis Performance and Analysis in Winter Wheat

273 combinations were used in this experiment which were developed from 142 genotypes of common wheat.The agronomic traits such as plant height（PH）,spikes/plant（SP）,spike length（SL）,spikelets/spike（SS）,kernals/spike（KS）,1 000-grain weight（TGW） and heterosis were examined and analyzed.The results showed that the heterosis varied from 38.7% to 124.0%,and ordered for SPKSPHTGWSLSS in all hybrids.The highest proportion of positive heterosis to negative one was 4.39∶1 of TGW,followed by KS,SS,SL,SP and PH.96.70% of combinations were over CK for TWG,but for the traits of SS and SP,71.79% and 56.04% ones were lower than CK,respectively.4 traits influencing yield/plant were selected and ordered for SPKSTGWPH confirmed by the stepwise regression analysis,and those were matched 0.01 and 0.05 level.For each trait there was an obviously heterosis and it was a good genetic potential for wheat hybrids research.Only 14 hybrids with characteristics of PH lower than CK,and SP,KS and TGW over CK,which accounted for 5.13%.The positive superstandard heterosis of SP,KS and TGW were 64.0%,59.2% and 51.8%,respectively,which were in front of all tested traits.The elite combination could be made according to different yield structure such as big spike length,big kernal as well as more spikes,meanwhile,more attention should be paid to on the utilization of dwarf and semi-dwarf gene（s） in hybrid wheat breeding.