灌溉和种植模式对冬小麦播前土壤含水量的消耗及水分利用效率的影响

为探讨华北平原地区冬小麦节水栽培的生产措施，2004-2006年，以冬小麦品种8049为试验材料，在大田4种灌溉条件下，研究了等行距平作、宽窄行平作、沟播和垄作4种种植模式对播前土壤含水量消耗及冬小麦耗水量、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明，与等行距平作相比，另3种模式增加了播前土壤含水量的消耗，其耗水量显著提高，尤以沟播模式30 cm以下播前土壤含水量的消耗最为明显。和等行距平作相比，在灌拔节水+抽穗水和灌拔节水+抽穗水+灌浆水条件下，沟播模式显著提高冬小麦产量；而垄作模式的产量没有显著提高。在灌拔节水或灌拔节水+抽穗水条件下，沟播种植模式的水分利用效率显著高于其他3种种植模式。在本试验条件下，沟播种植结合灌拔节水或灌拔节水+抽穗水是一种值得推广的节水种植模式。

Effects of Irrigation and Planting Patterns on Consumption of Soil Moisture before Sowing and Water Use Efficiency in Winter Wheat

In North China Plain, winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is commonly watered with flood irrigation during its growth period. This results in not only very low water use efficiency (WUE) of irrigation, but also the reduction of groundwater level because of over exploitation in this area. To study water-saving techniques in winter wheat production, the effects of irrigation and planting patterns on the consumption of soil moisture before sowing (SMBS), evapotranspiration, grain yield, and WUE were investigated using a winter wheat cultivar “8049” in 2004–2005 and 2005–2006 growing seasons. The four planting patterns were uniform (30 cm) row (traditional pattern), wide (40 cm)–narrow (20 cm) row, furrow (double lines in the furrow with 20 cm spacing, and 40 cm between furrows), and bed (double lines on the bed with 20 cm spacing, and 40 cm between beds). Each planting pattern had four irrigation treatments, i.e., no irrigation, one irrigation at jointing stage, two irrigations at jointing and heading stages, three irrigations at jointing, heading, and milking stages. Compared with uniform row pattern, the consumption of soil moisture was much higher in other three planting patterns. The water consumption of SMBS in furrow planting patterns was mostly centralized in the soil layer below 30–50 cm. Compared with uniform row pattern, the grain yield was significantly increased in furrow planting pattern with two irrigations at jointing and heading stages and three irrigations at jointing, heading and milking stages; whereas, it was not significantly increased in bed pattern under the conditions of one, two, and three irrigations. The WUE of furrow planting pattern was significantly higher than those of the other three patterns with one irrigation at jointing stage or two irrigations at jointing and heading stages. On the basis of the experimental results, it is suggested that the furrow planting pattern in combination with considerably deficit irrigation at jointing or/and heading stages could be worth extending the application in winter wheat production.