Stand density management diagrams: Review of their development and utility in stand-level management planning |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Oregon Climate Change Research Institute, College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, United States;2. USDA Forest Service, PNW Research Station, Corvallis, OR, United States;3. Oregon Department of Forestry, Salem, OR, United States;4. USDA Forest Service, Dorena Genetic Resource Center, Cottage Grove, OR, United States;5. USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, St. Paul, MN, United States;6. Department of Forest, Ecosystems, and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States;7. Department of Forest Ecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States;8. Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA, United States;1. Universidad de la República, Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Suelos y Aguas, Av. Garzón 780, Montevideo CP 12900, Uruguay;2. National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc., P.O. Box 13318, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States;3. Universidad de la República, Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Biometría, Estadística y Cómputo, Av. Garzón 780, Montevideo CP 12900, Uruguay;1. College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, PR China;2. Shanxi Key Laboratory of Functional Oil Tree Cultivation and Research, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, PR China;3. College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China;4. Lvliang Bureau of Planning and Natural Resources, lvliang 033000, PR China;1. Swiss Federal Institute of Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland;2. School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, VIC 3121, Australia;3. Hancock Victorian Plantations Pty Limited, 50 Northways Road, Churchill, VIC 3842, Australia;4. Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan Province, China;5. WA Plantation Resources Pty Ltd, 2/53 Victoria Street, Bunbury, WA 6230, Australia |
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| Abstract: | Stand density management diagrams (SDMD's) are average stand-level models which graphically illustrate the relationships between yield, density and mortality throughout all stages of stand development. SDMD's are primarily used to derive density control schedules by management objective and have been developed for numerous, commercially important species, throughout the world. Historically, SDMD's were initially developed by Japanese scientists in the early 1960's. The principal elements of these initial diagrams included size-density relationships representing crown closure, minimum and maximum self-thinning conditions and yield isolines derived from the reciprocal equation of the competition-density effect. During the 1970's and 1980's various modifications to the original modelling approach were proposed including the replacement of the reciprocal equations with empirical-based volume-density functions, employing different relative density indices and size variates, and incorporation of forest production theories. During the early to mid-1990's, SDMD's were developed for a number of additional species employing earlier modelling approaches, including the development of SDMD's for mixed species stands. The objective of this study was to chronologically review the historical development and associated applications of SDMD's in stand-level management planning. |
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