黄淮冬麦区小麦产量及品质改良现状分析

为了解黄淮冬麦区小麦育种的现状和存在的问题,分析了近十年来通过国家黄淮冬麦区区试的68个小麦品种的产量和品质指标.结果表明,育成品种的产量及产量构成三因素呈逐步上升的趋势,穗粒数、公顷穗数、千粒重的标准化回归系数依次为1.149、1.06、0.793,说明穗粒数对产量影响最大；育成品种的品质指标则表现出徘徊甚至下降的趋势.对已通过审定且在生产上有一定种植面积的6个优质强筋小麦品种的品质分析表明,拉伸面积、稳定时间、延伸性等指标与美国小麦、加拿大小麦差距较大,且多数品质指标年度间、地点间表现不稳定.对上述6个优质强筋品种以及6个骨干亲本品种分析表明,优质HMW-GS缺乏,且许多仍为1BL/1RS易位系材料.今后在产量育种中应以主攻穗粒数为重点；在优质育种中,应注意提高优质亚基的比重,并注意产量和品质的同步改良.

Current Situation of Wheat Yield and Quality Improvement in Huang huai Winter Wheat Region

To understand the present situation and problems of wheat breeding in Huang huai winter wheat region (HHWWR), the yield components and quality parameters of 68 wheat varieties, which passed through the HHWWR yield trial in last ten years, were analyzed. The results indicated that yield and its components of wheat varieties ascended gradually. It was found that the grains per ear played the most important role for yield increase since the standardized coefficients of grains per ear, effective ears/ha and one thousand grain weight was 1.149, 1.06 and 0.793, respectively. At the same time, the wheat quality was not improved but deteriorated to some extent. It showed that, through the analysis of the registered and extended varieties, the quality parameters of most varieties reached or exceeded the parameters of the U.S. and Canadian wheat varieties in some years or some sites; however, the quality parameters were not stable in different years and sites. In addition, it also found that the frequency of subunits 5+10 related with good quality was very low while that of the 1BL/1RS translocation was considerably high among the current varieties, lines and parent materials analyzed. As the breeding strategies, much attention should pay to the increase of grains per ear in high yield breeding and subunits 5+10 in quality breeding; moreover, the yield and quality should be improved simultaneously.