设施高肥力蔬菜地氮素调控下磷素特征研究

设施蔬菜种植中存在不合理施肥现象,土壤养分严重失调。为了解设施蔬菜地高氮肥力水平下不同氮素水平对磷素的养分吸收影响,2004—2007年在山东寿光进行不同氮素水平调控和秸秆还田试验,并于2007年冬春季进行裂区淋滤试验。结果表明,不同水平的氮素调控影响磷素含量变化,空白(NN)、有机肥(MN)、有机肥+秸秆(MN+S)供氮水平下土壤全磷含量逐年下降,降幅NNMNMN+S,全磷增幅传统氮素(CN)传统氮素+秸秆(CN+S)氮素优化+秸秆(SN+S)氮素优化(SN)。CN、CN+S供氮水平下土壤速效磷含量达到213.7、225.4 mg·kg-1,增长了17.1%、23.5%,磷素累积明显;其他供氮水平下速效磷含量逐年下降,降幅NNMNMN+SSN+SSNCNCN+S,减少氮素供应有利于减缓磷素累积,促进磷的吸收利用。除NN供氮水平下土壤有机磷含量下降外,其他处理均不同程度增加,CN、CN+S供氮水平下土壤有机磷含量累积明显(308.4、331.4 mg·kg-1),分别增长了28.5%、38.2%。SN+S供氮水平下磷的吸收系数(P2O5,mg·100 g-1)达到了1 571,增长了143.6%;CN、CN+S供氮水平下磷的吸收系数出现了负增长,CN供氮水平下达到了416(P2O5,mg·100 g-1),下降了35.5%。添加小麦秸秆极大地提高了磷的吸收能力,在一定程度上能减缓土壤速效磷的累积。淋溶液中全磷含量SNSN+S,有机磷含量SNSN+S,秸秆还田对阻控有机磷素淋溶有一定的作用,但整个冬春生长季渗滤液中全磷含量在2.6~12.0 mg·L-1,有机磷含量在0.42~4.1 mg·L-1,淋出液水质仍超过了国家安全水质标准。因此,在高肥力水平下进行氮素调控,优化氮素供应量,促进了磷素的吸收利用,对农民在高肥力水平下施肥具有指导意义。建议农民在以后的种植中减少氮肥供应量及添加高碳源秸秆进行还田,以提高肥料的利用率,减少氮磷对土壤及水体的污染。

Phosphorus Characteristics with Controlled Nitrogen in Fertile Soils in Protected Vegetable Field

There is an unreasonable phenomenon of fertilization in vegetable facility cultivation, with the serious imbalance of soil nutrient. In purpose of understanding the absorption characteristics of phosphorus from nitrogen-rich soil, a long-term nitrogen-controlled experiment was carried from the year 2004 to 2007, and a split plot experiment of leaching was carried in winter-spring season of 2007. The results showed that the content of phosphorus varied with different nitrogen control. The TP was decreased with nitrogen supply of none(NN)、organic manure(MN)、organic manure and straw(MN+S), and the decreased range was NN>MN>MN+S, meanwhile the increase range of TP was traditional-nitrogen(CN)>traditional-nitrogen+straw(CN+S)>optimized-nitrogen+straw(SN+S)>optimized-nitrogen(SN). The available P with CN and CN+S reached to 213.7 mg·kg-1、225.4 mg·kg-1, which increased by 17.1 percent and 23.5 percent, which declared the phosphorus was accumulated; The available P with other nitrogen controlled decreased with the range of NN>MN>MN+S>SN+S>SN>CN>CN+S,which showed that the supply reduction of nitrogen could slowdown the phosphorus accumulated and promote the utilization ratio of phosphorus. The organophosphorus was increased except NN, with obvious increase with CN、CN+S(308.4 mg·kg-1、331.4 mg·kg-1)by 28.5 percent and 38.2 percent. The absorption coefficient of phosphorus with SN+S(P2O5,mg·100 g-1)reached to 1 571, increased by 143.6 percent;Otherwise the absorption coefficient of phosphorus with CN、CN+S showed negative growth, the CN dipped to 416(P2O5,mg·100g-1)by35.5percent. Adding wheat straw could greatly improved the capacity of absorption of phosphorus and slow down the accumulation of available phosphorus to some extent. The concentrations of total phosphorus in the filtrate with SN+S were less than SN, contrary to the concentration of organophosphorus, thus the straw returning had a certain effect on stopping the organophosphorus leaching, the concentrations of total phosphorus in the filtrate was 2.62~12 mg·L-1, and the concentrations of organophosphorus was 0.42~4.12 mg·L-1, both of them exceeded the national security quality standards of water. Consequently, control-optimization supply of nitrogen in high fertile soil could promote the absorption and utilization of phosphorus, and had directive significance to guide famer's fertilization. Reducing the supply of nitrogen and returning the straw with high carbon are suggested to improve the utilization rate of fertilizer and reduce the pollution of nitrogen and phosphorus in soil and water bodies.