缓释掺混肥配比对稻茬小麦产量、氮素利用和籽粒品质的影响

为探究不同缓释掺混肥配比对稻茬小麦生产的影响，在沿淮下游地区，以淮麦52和淮麦920为材料，通过随机区组试验，以缓释掺混肥（SRF，N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O＝26∶12∶12）和丰卉尿素（U，46%N）为供试肥料,设置U四次分施（M₁）、SRF一次基施（M₂）、60%SRF基施+40%U拔节期追施（M₃）、60%SRF基施+40%SRF返青期追施（M₄）、M₃模式减氮15%（M₅）和M₄模式减氮15%（M₆）6种施肥模式，分析了不同处理下小麦产量、氮素积累及利用、干物质转运和品质等的差异。结果表明，缓释掺混肥一次基施（M₂）和减氮15%条件下两次分施（M₅和M₆）较常规肥料处理（M₁）均能实现稳产。缓释掺混肥两次分施（M₄）可有效促进稻茬小麦花后光合物质生产和氮素向籽粒运转，增加籽粒氮素积累量，提高氮肥利用率，氮肥农学效率、氮肥表观利用率、氮素生理效率和氮收获指数分别较M₁处理增加16.49%、11.09%、4.86%和4.72%，较M₂处理增加21.31%、15.19%、5.32%和18.60%；M₄处理较M₁处理增产9.01%和6.78%，较M₂处理增产11.43%和12.10%，实现产量提升的同时显著改善小麦籽粒蛋白品质。综上，60%缓释掺混肥基施和40%缓释掺混肥返青期追施有助于实现小麦的高产优质高效生产，适宜在沿淮下游稻茬麦区推广应用。

Effect of Slow-Release Fertilizer Ratios on Grain Yield, Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency and Quality of Wheat Following Rice Stubble

To optimize the effects of different slow-release fertilizer ratios on production of wheat following rice stubble in the lower reaches along Huaihe River, the effects of different treatments on yield, nitrogen accumulation and utilization, dry matter translocation and quality were analyzed by using two wheat varieties Huaimai 52, and Huaimai 920, slow-release fertilizer(SRF, 26-12-12) and Fenghui urea(46%N) as the materials. The randomized block design was adopted with six fertilization patterns: Fenghui urea applied at four stages(M₁), 100%SRF used as basal fertilizer(M₂), 60% SRF used as basal fertilizer and 40% U used as jointing fertilizer(M₃), 60% SRF used as basal fertilizer and 40% SRF used as reviving fertilizer(M₄), 15% total nitrogen reduction based on M₃(M₅), and 15% total nitrogen reduction based on M₄(M₆). The results showed that stable yield was achieved with one-off basal application of slow-release fertilizer(M₂) and twice-split application of 15% nitrogen reduction(M₅ and M₆). Twice-split application of slow-release fertilizer(M₄) promoted the production of photosynthetic substances after flowering and nitrogen transfer to grain effectively, increased grain nitrogen accumulation, improved nitrogen use efficiency and increased the grain number per spike and 1 000-grain weight. Compared with those of M₁ and M₂, the nitrogen agronomic efficiency(NAE), nitrogen apparent recovery efficiency(NARE), nitrogen physiological efficiency(NPE), nitrogen harvest index(NHI), and yield of M₄ were increased by 16.49% and 21.31%, 11.09% and 15.19%, 4.86% and 5.32%, 4.72% and 18.60%, 9.01% and 6.78%, and 11.43% and 12.10%, respectively. Twice-split application of slow-release fertilizer(M₄) significantly improved grain protein quality while increased yield. Therefore, 60% SRF used as basal fertilizer combined with 40% SRF used as reviving fertilizer was helpful to realize the high yield, quality and efficiency of wheat in this region, which can be used as a better fertilization scheme for wheat following rice stubble in the lower reaches along Huaihe River.