不同栽培模式对油菜产量和倒伏相关性状的影响

为建立与油菜相匹配的高产高效栽培管理方式,设置3种栽培模式即常规栽培(FP)、超高产栽培(SP)和高产高效栽培(HH),于2013—2014年在湖北枝江单季稻区用中熟油菜品种华双5号,武穴双季稻区用早熟品种华早291选择不同肥力田块(高肥力、低肥力)进行试验,测定3种栽培模式下油菜生物量和生育期间的光能资源利用率、产量、田间倒伏等指标。结果表明,与FP相比,在高、低肥力下,SH和HH均提高了各时期的光能截获率和光能利用效率,HH模式薹肥施用比例高,在后期光能截获率下降速率最低,仍保持较高的光合面积,有利于干物质的积累。SH模式和HH模式下,收获指数和产量均显著高于FP模式,且以SH模式最高。株高、根冠比和抗折力均表现为SHHHFP;倒伏指数与倒伏角度的变化趋势较为一致,在不同地力条件下均表现为SHFPHH。综上,HH模式的籽粒产量虽略低于SH模式,但不显著,而后期倒伏显著降低。与SH模式相比,HH模式通过增加种植密度,减少氮肥投入和施肥次数,起到了"以密抗倒、以密省肥"的效果,机械收获效率显著提高,可实现高产高效栽培。

Effects of Different Cultivation Modes on Canola Yield and Lodging Related Indices

To establish a reasonable cultivation and management mode matching canola production, three cultivation modes including farmers practice cultivation (FP), super high cultivation (SH) and high yield and high efficiency cultivation (HH) were adopted with middle-mature winter canola Huashuang 5 in single cropping rice region (Zhijiang) and early-mature winter canola Huazao 291 in double-rice cropping region (Wuxue) of Hubei province at high and low soil fertility levels. Biomass accumulation, radiation use efficiency (RUE), yield and lodging related indices were investigated and analyzed. The light inception rate (LIR) and RUE under SH and HH were higher than those under FP during whole growth period. The deceleration rate of LIR at the end of growth stage was least under HH as the rate of bolting nitrogen increased, which was benefit for biomass accumulation. The harvest index and yield of SH and HH were significantly higher than those of FP. Although HH had higher yield than SH, the difference was not significant. The lodging index of HH was lower than that of SH which indicated that HH had higher lodging resistance. All these revealed that HH could achieve high yield and high lodging resistance with lower nitrogen cost compared with SH. It is concluded that the HH cultivation model can promote the mechanical harvesting efficiency by increasing lodging resistance and reducing nitrogen cost due to higher plant density. Therefore, HH should be encouraged to extend in the Yangtze River Valley in the future for increasing mechanical canola productivity.