秸秆还田配施氮肥对东北春玉米光合性能和产量的影响

秸秆还田配施氮肥是解决旱作农田"耕层变浅"、"土壤紧实"、"有效耕层土壤减少"问题的重要措施之一,在旱作农业生产中具有重要意义。为探明秸秆深翻还田配施氮肥对东北春玉米光合性能和产量的影响,本研究于2014—2015年在辽宁铁岭设置S0F0(秸秆0 kg hm~(–2)+纯NPK 0 kg hm~(–2))、SN0(秸秆9000 kg hm~(–2)+纯N 0 kg hm~(–2)+纯P 112.5 kg hm~(–2)+纯K 90 kg hm~(–2))、SN1(秸秆9000 kg hm~(–2)+纯N 112.5 kg hm~(–2)+纯P 112.5 kg hm~(–2)+纯K 90 kg hm~(–2))、S0N2(秸秆0 kg hm~(–2)+纯N 225 kg hm~(–2)+纯P 112.5 kg hm~(–2)+纯K 90 kg hm~(–2),当地传统种植方式,CK)、SN2(秸秆9000kg hm~(–2)+纯N 225 kg hm~(–2)+纯P 112.5 kg hm~(–2)+纯K 90 kg hm~(–2))、SN3(秸秆9000 kg hm~(–2)+纯N 337.5 kg hm~(–2)+纯P 112.5kg hm~(–2)+纯K 90 kg hm~(–2))6个处理开展了研究。结果表明,秸秆还田配施氮肥对春玉米籽粒产量和生物产量影响显著,秸秆还田9000 kg hm~(–2)和配施氮肥225 kg hm~(–2)处理的籽粒产量最高,比秸秆不还田和施氮量225 kg hm~(–2)处理(CK)2年平均增产6.33%,增产的主要原因是百粒重和行粒数的显著提高和秃尖的显著降低;玉米籽粒产量并未随着施氮量的增加而持续增加;相同施氮量条件下,秸秆还田比秸秆不还田2年平均群体生物产量增加2.95%。秸秆还田配施氮肥能够增加春玉米株高、茎粗、叶面积,提高叶绿素含量和光合作用,相同施氮量条件下,秸秆还田比秸秆不还田处理2年平均灌浆期叶面积增加2.71%,光合速率提高4.80%。综合分析认为,秸秆还田9000 kg hm~(–2)和配施氮肥225kg hm~(–2)是辽北棕壤区春玉米生产比较理想的还田和施肥模式,在该区域农业发展中具有一定的应用价值。

Effects of Straw Returning Combined with Nitrogen Fertilizer on Photosynthetic Performance and Yield of Spring Maize in Northeast China

Straw returning plus nitrogen fertilizer is one of the important measures to solve the problems of plough role getting shallow and solid with reduced effective soil, having a vital significance in dryland agriculture production. In the present study, a field experiment was conducted at Tieling city of Liaoning province in 2014-2015 with six treatments(0 kg ha^–1 of straw plus 0 kg ha^–1 of pure NPK, S0F0; 9000 kg ha^–1 of straw plus 0 kg ha^–1 of pure N, 112.5 kg ha^–1 of pure P, and 90 kg ha^–1 of pure K, SN0; 9000 kg ha^–1 of straw, 112.5 kg ha^–1 of pure N plus 112.5 kg ha^–1 of pure P, and 90 kg ha^–1 of pure K, SN1; 0 kg ha^–1 of straw plus 225 kg ha^–1 of pure N, 112.5 kg ha^–1 of pure P, 90 kg ha^–1 of pure K, S0N2; 9000 kg ha^–1 of straw plus 225 kg ha^–1 of pure N, 112.5 kg ha^–1 of pure P, 90 kg ha^–1 of pure K, SN2; 9000 kg ha^–1 of straw plus 337.5 kg ha^–1 of pure N, 112.5 kg ha^–1 of pure P, 90 kg ha^–1 of pure K, SN3). The yield of straw 9000 kg ha^–1 plus nitrogen 225 kg ha^–1 treatment was the highest, with an average increase of 6.33% in two years, and compared with no straw returning plus nitrogen 225 kg ha^–1 treatment which was mainly due to the significant increase of weight of 100-kernel and number of kernels per row and the decrease of bare top length. The yield did not increase with the increase of nitrogen application rates. Under the same nitrogen application rate, the average population biomass of straw returning treatment was increased by 2.95% compared with no straw returning. Straw returning plus nitrogen fertilizer increased the plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, SPAD and photosynthesis of maize, and under the same nitrogen application rate, compared with no straw returning, the leaf area and photosynthetic rate at filling stage were increased on an average of 2.71% and 4.80% in two years, respectively. In conclusion, 9000 kg ha^–1 of straw returning plus 225 kg ha^–1 of nitrogen fertilizer is an ideal mode in brown soil area of the northern Liaoning province, which has certain application value in this regional agricultural development.