Phylogenetic lineages in the Capnodiales

The Capnodiales incorporates plant and human pathogens, endophytes, saprobes and epiphytes, with a wide range of nutritional modes. Several species are lichenised, or occur as parasites on fungi, or animals. The aim of the present study was to use DNA sequence data of the nuclear ribosomal small and large subunit RNA genes to test the monophyly of the Capnodiales, and resolve families within the order. We designed primers to allow the amplification and sequencing of almost the complete nuclear ribosomal small and large subunit RNA genes. Other than the Capnodiaceae (sooty moulds), and the Davidiellaceae, which contains saprobes and plant pathogens, the order presently incorporates families of major plant pathological importance such as the Mycosphaerellaceae, Teratosphaeriaceae and Schizothyriaceae. The Piedraiaceae was not supported, but resolves in the Teratosphaeriaceae. The Dissoconiaceae is introduced as a new family to accommodate Dissoconium and Ramichloridium. Lichenisation, as well as the ability to be saprobic or plant pathogenic evolved more than once in several families, though the taxa in the upper clades of the tree lead us to conclude that the strictly plant pathogenic, nectrotrophic families evolved from saprobic ancestors (Capnodiaceae), which is the more primitive state.Taxonomic novelties: Brunneosphaerella Crous, gen. nov., B. jonkershoekensis (Marinc., M.J. Wingf. & Crous) Crous, comb. nov., B. protearum (Syd. & P. Syd.) Crous, comb. nov., Devriesia hilliana Crous & U. Braun, sp. nov., D. lagerstroemiae Crous & M.J. Wingf., sp. nov., D. strelitziicola Arzanlou & Crous, sp. nov., Dissoconiaceae Crous & de Hoog, fam. nov., Hortaea thailandica Crous & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov., Passalora ageratinae Crous & A.R. Wood, sp. nov., P. armatae Crous & A.R. Wood, sp. nov., Rachicladosporium cboliae Crous, sp. nov.