中国普通杏种质资源若干生物学性状的频度分布

对华北、中亚和准噶尔—外伊犁3个生态地理群的520余份中国杏种质资源部分生物学性状进行了田间试验和野外考察。结果表明: ①中国杏三大生态地理群品种、类型或株系自交坐果率平均值均≤2.0% , 自交不亲和及部分自交不亲和株率均> 90% , 总体上表现为自交不亲和, 但同时也发现了个别自交结实率高(9.9%～18.0% ) 的自交亲和种质; ②3个生态地理群败育花比率均在40%以上, 变异系数均在50%以上, 而就某一品种来讲, 其败育花率相对稳定; ③油杏性状在中亚生态地理群品种中的频度高达76.6% , 而其它两个生态地理群皆为毛杏; ④相对于伊犁野杏(平均单果质量8.2 g) 和中亚品种群(23.2 g) , 大果性状在华北生态地理群中为优势性状(51.4 g) ; ⑤三大生态地理群离核的比率均高于粘核比率, 野杏类型的离核频度高达94.6% , 而华北杏仅为58.8%; ⑥可溶性固形物含量以中亚杏最高(18.5% ) , 而华北杏在华北(13.1% ) 和新疆(16.1% ) 两地有极显著性差异, 说明这一性状是典型的数量性状, 易受环境影响; ⑦伊犁野杏、中亚杏及华北杏甜仁比率分别为0.9%、93.1%和44.4%。对人为选择和自然选择在部分性状的起源与演化中的作用进行了探讨。

Frequency Distribution of Several Biological Characters in Different Apricot Eco-geographical Groups Native to China

In order to exploit the evolution of genes of apricot native to China,the frequency distribution of several biological characters of apricot in different eco-geographical groups(North China,Central Asia,Dzhungar-Zailij)native to China were analyzed in the study.In general,self-incompatibility was a common character for the three eco-geographical groups with averages less than 2.0% and the percentages of self-incompatible cultivars more than 90%.Therefore,a few self-compatible germplasms were found,too.Higher sterile flower rate of 40% was observed in all eco-geographical groups with a higher coefficient variance of 50%.For a certain cultivar or form,the trait was relatively stable.Glabrous-fruited cultivars were only observed in Central Asian eco-geographical group with a higher percentage of 76.6%.In other two groups,the cultivars or forms were all identified as rough skin-fruit.The largest fruit size(with an average of 51.4 g)was a predominate trait in North China group compared with those of Central Asian group(23.2 g)and Dzhungar-Zailij group(8.2 g).In the three groups,the rate of freestone-fruited cultivars or forms was remarkably higher than those of clingstone.The frequencies of freestone were different among the groups with the highest frequency of 94.6% in Dzhungar-Zailij group and the lowest frequency of 58.8% in North China group.The highest value of the total soluble solid was measured in Central Asia group(18.5%).The total soluble solid was greatly affected by environmental factors indicating it was an classical quantitative trait.For cultivars from North China,the values measured from Shandong(13.1%)and Xinjiang(16.1%)were different very significantly(F=42.361,P<0.01).The highest rate of sweet kernel(93.1%)was observed in the Central Asian eco-geographical group compared to Ili wild population(0.9%)and North China group(44.4%).The effect of artificial selection and natural selection on the origin and evolution of the characters was also discussed.