Diel cyclic hypoxia alters plasma lipid dynamics and impairs reproduction in goldfish (Carassius auratus) |
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Authors: | Aritra Bera Paramita Banerjee Sawant Subrata Dasgupta N. K. Chadha Bhawesh T. Sawant Asim Kumar Pal |
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Affiliation: | 1.Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture (ICAR),Chennai,India;2.Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division,Central Institute of Fisheries Education (ICAR),Mumbai,India;3.Central Institute of Fisheries Education (ICAR), Kolkata Centre,Kolkata,India;4.Taraporewala Marine Biological Research Station (KKV),Mumbai,India |
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Abstract: | Diel cyclic hypoxia occurs with varying frequency and duration in freshwater habitats, yet little is known about its effects on reproduction of freshwater fishes. The present study shows that long-term exposure of goldfish (Carassius auratus) to cyclic hypoxia (0.8 ± 0.2 mg/l dissolved oxygen) for 9 h or more, per day, altered plasma lipid and sex steroid profiles, which in turn directly or indirectly suppressed ovarian growth and viable spermatozoa production. Hypoxia decreased total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein (HDL p < 0.05) and elevated triglycerides (TG; p < 0.05) in both sexes. Plasma steroid concentrations particularly of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17-HP), estradiol (E2), testosterone (T) in females, and T and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) in males were attenuated under diel hypoxic conditions. Intriguingly, both diel and continuous hypoxia elevated plasma E2 and vitellogenin levels in males. However, neither lipid nor steroid profiles recorded any variation in a dose-dependent manner in response to diel hypoxia. The reduced GSI, decreased number of tertiary oocytes, and motile spermatozoa in hypoxic fish clearly indicate suppression of gametogenesis. Thereby, prolonged diel cyclic hypoxia may affect valuable fishery resources and fish population structure by impairing reproductive performances and inducing estrogenic effects in males. |
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