云南滇西玉米施肥现状分析

为了更好地指导农户施肥，采用实地农户访问和田间调查典型区的设点方式，对云南省滇西地区的洱源县、隆阳区和永胜县玉米种植农户进行调查，分析了玉米施肥现状和偏生产力。结果表明：滇西地区玉米施肥主要以化肥为主，有机肥仅占12.3%~14.2%。洱源县、隆阳区、永胜县化肥施用量(N+P2O5+K2O)分别为535.0 kg/hm2、567.8 kg/hm2、505.1 kg/hm2，玉米产量分别为8962.5 kg/hm2、6986.8 kg/hm2、7923.2 kg/hm2。化肥(N+P2O5+K2O)偏生产力分别为23.9 kg/kg、15.5 kg/kg、24.3 kg/kg。以150~250 kg/hm2为氮养分的合理施用量，18.8%农户合理，而过量的农户占70.3%；以45~135 kg/hm2为磷养分的合理施用量，施磷不足和过量的农户分别占29.7%和20.3%；以30~90 kg/hm2为钾素养分的合理施用量，有26.6%农户合理，不足的农户占51.6%。因此，在滇西地区应减少玉米化肥氮的施用，提高玉米氮的偏生产力；增加磷钾肥的施用，提高其产量，获得较高的玉米磷钾偏生产力。

The Investigation and Analysis of Fertilization Rate of Maize in the West Yunnan Province

In order to guide the farmers' fertilization, the farmer household survey on fertilization of maize was carried out in Eryuan, Longyang and Yongsheng, Yunnan Province. Based on fertilization survey of maize from selecting farmer household and analyzing partial factor productivity (PFP), the results showed that: most of maize fertilization were chemical fertilizer, and only 12.3%-14.2% were organic fertilizer in the West of Yunnan Province. The rates of chemical fertilizer, yield and PEP were 535.0 kg/hm2, 8962.5 kg/hm2 and 23.9 kg/kg in Eryuan, 567.8 kg/hm2, 6986.8 kg/hm2 and 15.5 kg/kg in Longyang, 505.1 kg/hm2 and 7923.2 kg/kg and 24.3 kg/kg in Yongsheng, respectively. Taking 150-250 kg/hm2 as the recommended amount of nitrogen fertilizers, 18.8% of farmer households were in the rational applying rate, and 70.3% surpassed recommended amount of fertilizer. At the same time, when taking 45-135 kg/hm2 as the recommended amount of phosphorus fertilizers, 29.7% of farmer households were lower recommendation, and 20.3% exceed recommend amount. And, 26.6% of farmer households lied in the rational applying rate, 51.6% lower the recommendation if taking 30-90 kg/hm2 as the recommended amount of potassium fertilizer. So the decrease of nitrogen fertilization amount would improve the PFP of nitrogen on maize. The increase of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer input would improve production, to achieve higher PFP of phosphorus and potassium on maize.