磁性纳米颗粒在DNA分离纯化中的应用

为了解磁性纳米颗粒在DNA分离纯化中的应用，采用文献综述和归纳总结的方法，阐述了1997—2021年以铁氧化物为核心的磁性纳米材料的研究进展，同时比较了材料结构和表面相关活性官能团的修饰对DNA提取效率的影响。结果表明：1）应用磁性纳米颗粒的固相萃取有着安全无毒、操作简单、可重复使用、能够实现自动化与高通量操作等多种优势，提取DNA效率相比于商业化试剂盒也有优势。2）目前磁性纳米材料已有比较全面的研究。磁性纳米颗粒的尺寸、孔径大小、磁化强度及引入的活性官能团不同等性质均对DNA的提取效率有影响，改变这些性质研发新型且高效的功能化磁性纳米颗粒或改变磁性纳米材料的制备方法、所提取DNA的形态性质、溶液的pH或盐浓度等试验条件，以提高DNA与材料的解吸率，不断优化磁性分离过程，提高DNA分离效率和质量。3）发展高通量商业化的核酸提取程序，是磁性固相萃取可观的发展前景。4）磁性纳米颗粒除了在核酸提取中的应用，在其他生物医学应用中也有着广泛的研究。以上结果均表明磁性纳米材料有着极强的研究发展前景。

Application of magnetic nanoparticles in DNA separation and purification

DNA detection and quantitative analysis can be used as the basis for many research. Therefore, the separation and purification of DNA is a fundamental operation in molecular biology and clinical medicine. With the continuous development of nanotechnology, solid-phase DNA extraction using magnetic nanoparticles has become a popular research direction for DNA separation and purification. In order to understand the application of magnetic nanoparticles, the research progress of magnetic nanomaterials with iron oxides as the core from 1997 to 2021 is presented by using literature review and generalization. The effects of modification of material structure and active functional groups of the surface on the extraction efficiency of DNA were also compared. The results show that: 1)The solid phase extraction using magnetic nanoparticles has various advantages such as safe and non-toxic, simple operation, reusable, capable of automation and high throughput operation. The extraction efficiency of DNA is higher compared with commercial kits. 2)Magnetic nanomaterials have been relatively comprehensively studied. The size of magnetic nanoparticles, pore size, magnetization strength and the introduced active functional groups all have impact on the extraction efficiency of DNA. Changing these factors to develop new and efficient functionalized magnetic nanoparticles, or changing the experimental conditions such as the preparation method of magnetic nanomaterials, morphological properties of the extracted DNA and pH or salinity to improve the desorption rate of DNA from the material, can continuously optimize the magnetic separation process and improve the efficiency and quality of DNA separation. 3)Besides, commercial nucleic acid extraction procedures based on the excellent adsorption capacity for nucleic acids of magnetic nanoparticles is promising for magnetic solid-phase extraction. 4)In addition to the application in nucleic acid extraction, extensive research has also been conducted in other biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles. All these results indicate that magnetic nanomaterials have an extremely promising prospect of research development.