中国20世纪80年代以来育成糯稻品种的品质及其优质达标率分析

【目的】分析中国近代育成糯稻品种的品质状况和改良重点,为中国糯稻品质育种提供参考。【方法】依据农业部NY/T83-1988《米质测定方法》,分析中国自20世纪80年代初以来育成的570份糯稻品种的米质及其优质达标率。【结果】分析结果表明,检测的570份糯稻品种7项米质性状的平均值均达到或超过国家优质米Ⅲ级标准,优质达标率为64.4%—97.9%,平均81.9%。7项米质性状全优的糯稻品种占供试品种的45.1%。20世纪80年代、90年代和2001-2007年3个不同时期的育成糯稻品种其7项米质性状的平均优质达标率分别为81.5%、81.0%和84.3%;与20世纪80年代比较,2001-2007年的育成糯稻品种,其糙米率、糊化温度和直链淀粉含量的优质达标率显著提高,分别提高了6.0%、11.8%和13.4%,表明2001-2007年育成的糯稻品种的品质优于20世纪80年代和90年代育成的品种。分析同时指出,整精米率在3个时期的优质达标率分别为71.0%、58.3%和62.9%,均低于其它6项米质的优质达标率;品种类型上,籼糯稻品种的品质一般逊于粳糯稻,应引起重视;就稻区而言,华中和北方稻区糯稻品种的品质优于西南和华南稻区。【结论】本研究认为,近25年来中国糯稻育成品种的品质总体优良,但其品质改良仍需加强,进一步提高整精米率,是糯稻品质遗传改良的重要目标之一。

Analysis of Grain Quality and Superior Quality Rate of Glutinous Rice Cultivars Bred Since the 1980s of the 20th Century in China

[Objective]To understand the recent status of the grain quality of glutinous rice cultivars and to clarify the key objective for genetic improvement of glutinous rice in China. [ Method ] Seven grain quality traits and superior quality rates (SQR) of 570 glutinous rice cultivars bred since 1980s of the 20th century were analyzed. [Result] The results showed that each average values of all seven quality traits had reached or surpassed the standards of the Third Superior Quality of Rice. The SQRs of 7 grain quality traits tested were from 64.4% to 97.9%, with the average of 81.9%. The excellent glutinous rice varieties with all of 7 grain quality traits in or above the standards of the Third Superior Quality, occupied about 45.1 % of total 570 tested materials. The average SQRs of the glutinous rice cultivars bred in 1980s and 1990s of the 20th century and 2001-2007 were of 81.5%, 81.0%, and 84.3%, respectively. Compared with the 1980s, the glutinous rice cultivars bred in 2001-2007 had higher SQR in brown rice rate (BRR),gelatinization temperature (GT) and amylose content (AC), higher by 6%, 11.8%, and 13.4%, respectively, showing the grain quality of the glutinous rice cultivars bred in 2001-2007 was better than those both in 1980s and 1990s. It was noted that the SQRs of head rice rate (HRR) in 1980s, 1990s and 2001-2007 were of 71.0%, 58.3%, and 62.9%, respectively, all lower than that of other 6 rice quality traits. The grain quality of japonica glutinous rice cultivars, in general, was better than that of indica ones. Regarding to the rice growing areas, the varieties of glutinous rice in the Central and North China had better grain quality than that in the South west and South China.[Conclusion]It is concluded that the grain quality of glutinous rice cultivars bred in the past recent 25 years in China is rather good.However,the grain quality of glutinous rice should be continuously improved,especially in raising further head rice rate.