Urban wilderness: Supply,demand, and access |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Ecology, Chair of Ecosystem Science/Plant Ecology, Technische Universität Berlin, Rothenburgstr. 12, 12165 Berlin, Germany;2. Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), 14195 Berlin, Germany;1. Technische Universität Berlin, Chair of Ecosystem Science/Plant Ecology, D-12165 Berlin, Germany;2. Technische Universität Berlin, Chair of Vegetation Technique and Planting Design, D-14195 Berlin, Germany;3. Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), D-14195 Berlin, Germany;1. Department of Ecology, Ecosystem Science/Plant Ecology, Technische Universität Berlin, D-12165 Berlin, Germany;2. Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), D-14195 Berlin, Germany;1. Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan 4111, QLD, Australia;2. Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, QLD, Australia;3. School of Design, Sapporo City University, Sapporo 005-0864, Japan;4. The Kadoorie Institute, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong;1. Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy;2. Via Tuscolana 909, I-00174 Roma, Italy;3. Istituto Sperimentale Ferrovie dello Stato, Via Scandriglia 7, I-00199 Roma, Italy;1. Technical University Munich, Study Faculty Landscape Architecture and Landscape Planning, Emil-Ramann-Straße 6, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany;2. Aarhus University, Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Ny Munkegade 116, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark;1. Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane 4111, QLD, Australia;2. Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, QLD, Australia;3. Seed Consulting Services, 106 Gilles Street, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia |
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| Abstract: | The concept of urban wilderness feels like a paradox since natural and urban environments have long been viewed as antithetical. Today, however, wilderness is high on the urban agenda as a response to different challenges: biodiversity and human experiences of nature are being lost in increasingly dense cities, while at the same time a plethora of wild areas are developing in cities that are undergoing post-industrial transformation. Yet there is confusion around the definitions and the anticipated functions of urban wilderness and how humans can be incorporated therein. A unifying framework is proposed here that envisions urban wilderness as a social-ecological system; three major components are identified and linked: (i) the supply of wilderness areas along gradients of naturalness and ecological novelty, leading to a differentiation of ancient vs. novel wilderness, and the identification of wilderness components within cultural ecosystems; (ii) the demand for wilderness in urban societies, which differs among sociocultural groups as a function of underlying values and experiences; (iii) the access to urban wilderness, which can be improved both in terms of providing opportunities for encountering urban wilderness (e.g., by conserving, rewilding wilderness areas) and enhancing the orientation of urban people towards wilderness (e.g., through information, environmental education, citizen science). Evidence from urban wilderness projects in Europe demonstrates that multi-targeted approaches to conserving and managing existing novel urban ecosystems offer manifold opportunities to combine biodiversity conservation and wilderness experience in cities. |
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| Keywords: | Brownfield Conservation areas Habitat management Naturalness Restoration Urban ecosystems Urban forest Wasteland Wildland |
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