Human and biophysical legacies shape contemporary urban forests: A literature synthesis |
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| Institution: | 1. US Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Philadelphia Field Station, 100 N. 20th St. Suite 205, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, United States;2. Geography and Urban Studies Department, Temple University, 308 Gladfelter Hall, 1115 W. Berks St. Philadelphia, PA, 19122, United States;3. Department of Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 333 Design Building, 551 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States;4. Department of Geography, University of Toronto, Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Rd., Mississauga, ON, Canada;5. Department of Natural Resources and the Environment & Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Unit 4087, 1376 Storrs Rd. Storrs, CT, 06269, United States;6. School of Geosciences & USF Water Institute, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave., NES107, Tampa, FL, United States;7. Environmental Science and Studies Department, DePaul University, 1 E. Jackson Blvd., Chicago, IL, 60601, United States;8. US Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA, 94710, United States;9. US Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Baltimore Field Station, 5523 Research Park Drive, Suite 350, Baltimore, MD, 21228, United States;10. National Socio-environmental Synthesis Center (SESYNC), 1 Park Place, Suite 300, Annapolis, MD, 21401, United States;11. Department of Forest Resources Management, University of British Columbia, 2045-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada;12. Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States;13. Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, United States;14. Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD, 21218, United States;15. Department of Geography, Ball State University, 2000 W. University Ave, Muncie, IN 47306, United States;p. Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, United States;q. School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, 1315 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States;r. Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, United States;s. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, PO Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States;1. Department of Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;2. Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;3. B. A. Blackwell and Associates, Suite 270-18 Gostick Place, North Vancouver, BC V7 M 3G3, Canada;1. USDA Forest Service, Philadelphia Field Station, 100 N. 20th St., Philadelphia, PA 19103, United States;2. Fairmount Park Conservancy, 1617 John F. Kennedy Blvd., Suite 1670, Philadelphia, PA 19103, United States;3. Canopy, 3921 E. Bayshore Rd., Palo Alto, CA 94303, United States;4. Apple Inc., 1 Infinite Loop, Cupertino, CA 95014, United States;5. University City Green, 4613 Woodland Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19143, United States;1. Department for International Scientific Cooperation in Southeast Europe - EFISEE, Croatian Forest Research Institute, Zajčeva 28, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;2. Department of Landscape Architecture, Planning and Management, Swedish Agricultural University, P.O. Box 58, S-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden |
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| Abstract: | Understanding how urban forests developed their current patterns of tree canopy cover, species composition, and diversity requires an appreciation of historical legacy effects. However, analyses of current urban forest characteristics are often limited to contemporary socioeconomic factors, overlooking the role of history. The institutions, human communities, and biophysical conditions of cities change over time, creating layers of legacies on the landscape, shifting urban forests through complex interactive processes and feedbacks. Urban green spaces and planted trees can persist long after their establishment, meaning that today’s mature canopy reflects conditions and decisions from many years prior. In this synthesis article, we discuss some of the major historical human and biophysical drivers and associated legacy effects expressed in present urban forest patterns, highlighting examples in the United States and Canada. The bioregional context – native biome, climate, topography, initial vegetation, and pre-urbanization land use – represents the initial conditions in which a city established and grew, and this context influences how legacy effects unfold. Human drivers of legacy effects can reflect specific historical periods: colonial histories related to the symbolism of certain species, and the urban parks and civic beautification movements. Other human drivers include phenomena that cut across time periods such as neighborhood urban form and socioeconomic change. Biophysical legacy effects include the consequences of past disturbances such as extreme weather events and pest and disease outbreaks. Urban tree professionals play a major role in many legacy effects by mediating the interactions and feedbacks between biophysical and human drivers. We emphasize the importance of historical perspectives to understand past drivers that have produced current urban forest patterns, and call for interdisciplinary and mixed methods research to unpack the mechanisms of long-term urban forest change at intra- and inter-city scales. |
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| Keywords: | Historical ecology Legacy effect Social-ecological system Tree diversity Urban ecology Urban tree canopy |
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