Spatio-temporal non-uniformity of urban park greenness and thermal characteristics in a semi-arid region |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Landscape Architecture and Environmental Planning, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States;2. School of City and Regional Planning, Georgia Institute of Technology, 245 4th Street NW, Suite 204, Atlanta, GA 30332-0155, United States;3. International Institute for Earth System Science (ESSI), Nanjing University, Xianlin Ave. 163, 210023 Nanjing, China;4. Department of Urban Planning and Design, Nanjing University, No. 22, Hankou Road, 210093 Nanjing, China;1. Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;2. Division of Building Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;1. Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;2. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;3. Department of Economics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;4. Department of Planning, Policy & Design, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;5. Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;1. Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1958, Denmark;2. Geography Science and Resource Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China;3. Department of Architecture Faculty of Engineering, Sojo University, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan;1. Land Regeneration and Urban Greenspace Research Group, Centre for Sustainable Forestry and Climate Change, Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham GU10 4LH, UK;2. Northern Research Station, Forest Research, Roslin EH25 9SY, UK |
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| Abstract: | Thermal characteristics of urban parks often vary city-wide due to different landscape properties of parks themselves or their surrounding environments. Understanding such heterogeneity is critical for strategic use of urban forest elements to mitigate extreme heat and provide various ecological amenities; however, relatively few studies to date have assessed such variability at the whole-city scales and across different seasons. This study investigated seasonal variation, statistical association and local spatial clustering in satellite image-based proxies of vegetation greenness and surface temperature (normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and at-sensor surface brightness temperature (Tb), respectively) among 135 parks in a part of California, USA on ten different-season dates in 2014. Both metrics varied among parks and dates and exhibited a significant negative linear relationship which was stronger on warmer-season dates. Regressions with NDVI explained 2–17% more variance in Tb when they also included the proportion of woody plant cover (negative effect on Tb) or the proportion of grass cover (positive effect on Tb) on all dates, and park area on some dates (negative effect on Tb). The analysis of spatial variation in park properties revealed several significant local clusters of parks with higher Tb that persisted among warmer dates and had significantly smaller area and warmer neighborhoods than did significant clusters of greener or cooler parks. These results highlight potential under-provisioning of park microclimatic benefits in the associated neighborhoods and calls for further research on environmental and social implications of these results to inform mitigation of urban heat in this region and similar climates. |
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| Keywords: | Cluster analysis Mediterranean climate NDVI Remote sensing Thermal environment Urban park |
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