东亚地区单维管束亚属松树遗传资源、林木改良和基因资源保存

东亚地区单维管束亚属松树遗传资源丰富 ,5针松组 11种 2变种 ,白皮松组 2种。在生态植物地理上 ,单维管束亚属松树从远东地区、西伯利亚、朝鲜、韩国、日本、中国东北向南延伸 ,直至亚热带和热带地区 ,具有明显的地理间断、种群隔离和种间替代现象。在单维管束亚属松树中 ,红松、华山松和白皮松资源丰富 ,在木材生产、人工林营建和环境建设方面尤其具有重要价值 ,因此在遗传变异、育种和林木改良与基因资源保存方面研究较多 ,而对于其他树种的研究目前还仅限于分类学和生态学描述。迄今为止 ,中国在 2 0世纪 80年代做过红松、华山松全分布区多点地理种源试验和子代测定 ,建立多处红松种子园 ,期望遗传增益 10 % ;全国建立华山松种子园 133hm2 。研究表明 ,红松和华山松都具有显著的地理种源差异和G×E交互作用。中国在红松分布区内设立多处自然保护区 ,就地保存红松基因资源 ,此外还建立了异地保存的基因库。韩国已建立红松无性系种子园 91hm2 ,Nc4 3。韩国通过遗传标记对红松群体遗传结构和基因多样性进行了深入研究 ,建立育种和基因保存策略 ,确立红松和偃松基因就地保存林分别为 5 5hm2 和2hm2 ,91hm2 种子园也视作基因异地保存林。俄罗斯通过同工酶分析发现在群落交错区存在西伯利亚红松和偃松的天

GENETIC RESOURCES,TREE IMPROVEMENT AND GENE CONSERVATION OF HAPLOXYLON PINES IN EAST ASIA

East Asia is very rich in the genetic resources of haploxylon pines consisting of 11 species and 2 varieties of Sect. Cembra Spach and other 2 species in Sect. Parrya Mayr. Of these taxa Pinus armandii , most widely distributed, and P.koraiensis, which naturally ranged in China, Korea Peninsula, Japan and Far East, are the most commercially important for wood production, logically, the most research has been carried out in genetic variation, tree improvement and gene conservation for these two species. P.fenzeliana and P.kwangtungensis, which are locally used in plantations, along with other 5 needle pines are mainly studied in taxonomy and ecophytogeography. P.bungeana and P.parviflora are not planted for commercial purpose but ornamental. Attempt is also made in this review paper to give an overview of tree improvement for the 5 needle pines. P.wangii, P.dabeshanensis and P.gerardiana still remain on the status of less known species. To develop a strategy for tree breeding and gene conservation, it is urged that more research should be undertaken in the patterns of genetic variation and advanced breeding programmes assisted with genetic markers.