特殊生态区水稻超高产生态特征研究

分别在云南省永胜县涛源乡和江苏省南京市最适种植季节种植杂交籼稻Ⅱ优107,比较了两地水稻产量及其构成因素、干物质积累、消光系数、光合有效辐射和温度等因子的差异,分析了涛源水稻特殊高产区高产水稻的高产生态特征.结果表明:在涛源Ⅱ优107的籽粒产量2006年为186t·hm-2,2007年为177t·hm-2,分别为南京的21倍和19倍,分析产量构成因子发现主要是因为在涛源种植的水稻有效穗较多,增加了籽粒库容量.与南京点相比,Ⅱ优107在涛源的生育期延长、作物生长速率提高,其中营养生长期延长近30d,灌浆期作物生长速率提高13倍.齐穗期涛源LAI达100以上,比南京的大33.成熟期涛源两年的生物量分别达301 t·hm-2和294t·hm-2,比南京的高847%和615%.与南京相比,涛源两年水稻营养生长期光合有效辐射分别比南京高154%和193%,灌浆期光合有效辐射比南京高168%和140%.在涛源,营养生长期辐射量高、温差大、湿度低,有利于分蘖的发生;灌浆结实期光照足,温度、湿度条件适宜且保持稳定,有助于抽穗后高积累、高转运,从而实现水稻超高产量.

Studies on ecological traits of super high-yield rice in special eco-site

Taoyuan, Yongsheng County, Yunnan Province, is one of the highest cultivated regions in the world. In this study, indica hybrid rice variety Eryoul07 was grown at Taoyuan and Nanjing, Jiangsu Province in most suitable season. Comparing physiological (development duration, dry biomass accumulation, yield components) and ecological traits (K, photosynthesis active radiation, temperature) of rice at two sites, results showed that rice at Taoyuan got a significantly higher grain yield than at Nanjing in both years, and achieved a grain yield of 18. 6 t·hm~(-2) in 2006, which is the highest yield reported in the world, and 17. 7 t· hm~(-2) in 2007, 2. 1 and 1. 9 times as that at Nanjing, respectively, because more effective panicles improved population sink of rice at Taoyuan. With higher crop growth rate and about 30 d longer growth duration, biomass accumulation at Taoyuan was 30. 1 and 29.4 t· hm~(-2) in 2006 and 2007, 84.7% and 61.5% higher than at Nanjing respectively. Leaf area index, the base of crop growth rate, was 10. 0 at Taoyuan in heading stage, 3. 3 higher than at Nanjing. During vegetative phase, photosynthesis active radiation at Taoyuan was 15. 4% and 19. 3% higher than at Nanjing in both years, respectively, and after heading, the extent was 16.8% and 14.0%. These results indicated that higher photosynthesis active radiation, larger diurnal temperature difference and lower relative humidity in vegetative phase are propitious to occurrence of tillers. On the other hand, higher photosynthesis active radiation, optimum temperature and relative humidity after heading at Taoyuan were foundation of high dry matter accumulation, transport rate and grain yield.