中国长江三峡地区花岗岩坡面管流运动特性

人们早就认识到土体内的水分运动 ,在很多时候并不都遵从达西定律所描述的呈层流流态 ,只有当雷诺数Re≤ 10时 ,土壤水分运动才遵从达西定律 .该文通过观察位于中国长江三峡地区湖北省秭归县花岗岩坡面下部开挖的一长度为 2 9m、深度为 2 13 2 6 0m的土壤剖面 ,发现土管主要分布在B层 (花岗岩风化程度较高的层次 )和C层 (花岗岩风化程度较低的层次 )的过渡带附近 .在坡面下部坡脚部位垂直于坡长方向上 ,每米宽度大约分布有土管 5 7个 .通过连续观测实验坡面的土管在多场降雨过程中的管流现象 ,发现管流流速与沿程水力坡降呈现非线性关系 ,而呈一定的抛物线关系 .结合土壤、地质和土地利用状况等调查结果 ,经对多场降雨及管流观测数据进行整理分析 ,建立了研究地点的管流模型 .由管流模型计算的管流流速VP、流量QP 和土管半径r,与 4个管流的实测值具有较好的相似性 .尤其是依据模型模拟的土管长度X ,反映出不同土管由于所处剖面位置的差异 ,其长度差别较大 ,所模拟的 4条土管长度分别为研究集水区最长距离的 98 1%、2 7 6 %、11 0 %和 3 0 % .管流模型建立过程及模拟结果均反映出管流是土壤水分运动的一种特殊形式 ,它遵从Darcy Weisbach定律所描述的土壤水分运动 .其水分通量远大于一般意义上的土壤

Movement Properties of Pipe Flow Along Granite Slope of Three Gorges Area of Yangtze River in China

It is well known that, in most cases, soil water doesn't move in the form of laminar flow as described by Darcy law. Only when Reynolds number ( Re ) is no more than 10, does water movement follow Darcy law. A soil profile with 2 9 m long and 2 13 2 60 m deep was excavated on a lower slope located at Zigui County, Hubei Province, China. Field observation found that soil pipes were mainly distributed in the transient layer between horizon B with higher degree of granite weathering and horizon C with lower degree of granite weathering. At the foot of the slope, about 5 7 soil pipes per meter were observed along the vertical direction of the slope. The observed results, obtained by continuous observation of soil pipes and pipe flow processes at granite slope for many rainfall events, indicate that the relationship between velocity of pipe flow and hydraulic gradient along the pipe is parabolic rather than linear. Based on the investigated data of soil, landform, and land use etc., combined with observed data of pipe flow derived from many rainfall events, a pipe flow model was developed. For velocity V p, discharge Q p of pipe flow and radius r of soil pipe, great similarity was found between simulated and observed values. Particularly, the simulated length of soil pipes reflects the great difference among soil pipes as a result of its different position in the soil profile. The length values of 4 soil pipes were estimated to be 98 1%, 27 6%, 11 0% and 3 0% of the longest distance of the catchment, respectively. As a special case of water movement, soil pipe flow follows Darcy Weisbach law. Discharge of pipe flow is much greater than infiltration discharge in common. Only when the depth of groundwater is more than the diameter of soil pipe and water layer submerges soil pipes during rainfall, may pipe flow occur. Under these circumstances, discharge of pipe flow is directly proportional to the depth of groundwater.