Evaluation of Lippia scaberrima essential oil and some pure terpenoid constituents as postharvest mycobiocides for avocado fruit |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, XaRTA-Postharvest, Agrotecnio Center, Rovira Roure, 191, 25198, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain;2. IRTA, XaRTA-Postharvest, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, 25003, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain;3. Departament de Medicina Experimental, NUTREN-Nutrigenomics, Metabolic Pathophysiology Research Group, PCiTAL-IRBLleida-Universitat de Lleida, Catalonia, Spain;1. The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;2. The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 3230, Waikato Mail Centre, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand;1. Agri-Biotech Research Consultancies (ABRC), P.O. Box 7512, Mbombela, South Africa;2. Department of Agriculture, University of Mpumalanga University, Private Bag X 11283, Mbombela, South Africa;3. Kakuzi Farms, Thika, Kenya;4. Rungwe Avocado Company Farm, Tukuyu, Tanzania;5. International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya;1. CRIOF—Department of Agricultural Science, University of Bologna, Italy;2. Instituto Politécnico National, Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos, Yautepec, Morelos, Mexico;3. Phytochemical Food Network Research Group, Department of Crop Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa |
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| Abstract: | Mycobiocides are attracting research interest worldwide as possible postharvest pathogen control measures to replace synthetic fungicides. In this study, the application of two essential oils as fungicides was evaluated. Initially, the in vitro antifungal effects of Lippia scaberrima essential oil and three of the major oil components, (d)-limonene, R-(−)-carvone, and 1,8-cineole, as well as that of S-(+)-carvone, were investigated against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, and an Alternaria isolate. The oil and terpenoids caused significant inhibition of the mycelial growth of all the pathogens when applied at a concentration of 2000 μL L−1. The most potent volatile component of L. scaberrima essential oil, able to inhibit all the pathogens tested, proved to be R-(−)-carvone. The efficacy of the essential oil (1000 and 2000 μL L−1) incorporated into the commercial coating was confirmed on fruit inoculated with two of the pathogens. A simulated export trial was done using Lippia essential oil, in addition to Mentha spicata (spearmint) essential oil, as supplements for fruit coatings. Results indicate that essential oils rich in R-(−)-carvone could be valuable alternatives to synthetic fungicides for the postharvest management of avocado fruit. The combination of essential oils with a commercial coating, acceptable to the organic market, offers additional protection to this vulnerable commodity. |
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