Anti-erythrocyte natural antibody activity in the unconventional 'heavy chain' immunoglobulins of Indian desert camel (Camelus dromedarius)

Members of the family Camelidae contain unconventional 'heavy chain' antibodies (HCAbs) that are devoid of light chains (LCs) in their structure and occur under physiological conditions. The spectrum of antigenic specificities in HCAbs and hence their biological significance is not known at present. Recent studies have however indicated that they contribute significantly towards the immunoglobulin (Ig) receptor diversity. The present study was planned to investigate the natural antibody (NAb) activity in camel HCAbs as further indication of the wide spectrum of their antigenic specificities. Detection of NAbs in the sera and isolated HCAbs of Indian Thar desert camels was undertaken against erythrocyte antigens (E-Ags) from eleven animal species including nine mammals, chicken and frog by using direct haemagglutination (HA) and indirect Coombs' test. HCAbs were found to behave as 'incomplete antibodies' and agglutinated erythrocytes of different animal species in indirect Coombs' test using rabbit anti-camel IgG3 (HCAbs) antiserum. Variations were noticed in the Coombs' titres against erythrocytes from different species. HCAbs also reacted against E-Ags in immunoblots. These findings provide further evidence that camelid HCAbs are produced against diverse antigens (Ags) under natural conditions, thereby contributing to camelid Ig receptor diversity.