小麦中外源遗传物质鉴定的研究进展

随着小麦近缘植物外源遗传物质不断导入普通小麦，对小麦中外源遗传物质的鉴定方法的研究不断得到深入。目前，鉴定方法有传统的形态学、细胞遗传学及生化标记与原位杂交、分子标记等。本文从不同层次对这些鉴定方法的研究现状进行了综述，并对其优缺点和应用前景进行了讨论。形态标记简单直观，但其数目少，多态性差；染色体计数和染色体构型分析能反应染色体在结构和数目上的变化，但无法确定外缘染色体的来源与易位位置，且费时费力；染色体分带对带有特征带的整条或大片段易位特别有效，对不显带的小片段无能为力；同工酶和种子贮藏蛋白常被用来鉴定部分同源染色体归属，稳定性好，但其标记的数量比较有限；分子原住杂交能准确鉴定是否含有外缘染色体，但无法明确附加、代换及易位的哪一条外源染色体或染色体片段；RFLP、RADP、AFLP、SSR、SCAR和STS等分子标记以多态性高、不受季节环境影响而被广泛采用，但其在染色体定位上还需与其它鉴定方法相结合。小麦中外源遗传物质鉴定的准确性依赖于以上鉴定方法相互结合，相互验证。

Progress of Study on Detection Way of Exogenous Hereditary Property in Wheat

With the development of exogenous hereditary property transferred into common wheat, the molecular biology, the morphological, cytological and biochemical detection ways had combined with FISH and molecular markers. This paper reviewed the progress of the detection ways of exogenous hereditary property in wheat from deferent levels, and also discussed the related problems. The morphological marker was direct, with a few character; The (chromosome) number and caryotype identification could show changes of (chromosome) structure and number, but this way could not be obvious source of (chromosome) and translocation (locus), and needed spend more time and pains; The (chromosome) (banding) was effective way for long (chromosome) segment with trait (banding), and could not obvious short (chromosome) segment without trait (banding); The (isoenzyme) and seed protein gel electrophoresis (identification) was used to (identify) section (homologous) relationship because of its steady, but with a few of number; FISH could showed exogenous (chromosome) segment in wheat, but could not express what changed in the additional line, substitution line and translocation; RFLP, RADP, AFLP, SSR, SCAR and STS molecular markers were extensively used to (identify) exogenous hereditary property in wheat because of polymorphological character and not influenced by environment, but only combining with other way, could these way show section (homologous) relationship. The detection way of exogenous hereditary property in wheat must combine, test and verify.