Preventing discoloration and lipid oxidation in dark muscle of yellowtail by feeding an extract prepared from mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) cultured medium

Groups of 0+ Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts were transferred to duplicate seawater tanks, and subjected to five different ration levels, 0% (starved), 25%, 50%, 75% or 100% (full fed). Waste feed was collected after each meal. After six weeks all groups were re-fed in excess. During the trial period body weight and length increased significantly in the 50, 75 and 100% groups, while no significant changes in body weight were observed in the 0% and 25% groups. A significant decrease in SGR was observed in the 0 and 25% groups during the first month in sea water. After re-feeding, SGR increased in all groups. All groups, except the previously starved group, showed peak SGR between weeks 6–8 and 8–12. Food restriction at 0% and 25% of full ration for a period of six weeks resulted in significant osmotic disturbances. After six weeks in sea water, plasma Cl⁻ levels were higher in the 0% group than in the other groups. Branchial Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activity increased in all groups following exposure to seawater. Re-feeding caused a transient increase in branchial Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activity after two weeks in the previously starved group, with a concurrent reduction in plasma Cl⁻ levels. Previous exposure to different ration levels significantly influenced growth rate and mean body size. Compensatory growth and partial size compensation was seen in the 0, 25 and 50% feed deprivation groups, whereas full size compensation was found in the 75% group.