湿地甲烷厌氧氧化机制研究进展

微生物主导的甲烷厌氧氧化（AOM）一直是甲烷（CH₄）氧化研究的前沿热点问题，对控制全球湿地CH4排放具有重要意义。介绍了硫酸盐还原型（SAMO）、反硝化型（DAMO）、金属氧化物驱动型（Metal-AOM）和中间电子直接转移型（DIET）四种AOM途径，其中，SAMO以SO₄^2-作为AOM的最终电子受体，DAMO以 NO₂^-/ NO₃^-作为AOM的最终电子受体，Metal-AOM以铁锰等金属离子/金属氧化物作AOM的最终电子受体，而种间电子转移是一种不需要中间产物的转移方式。详细阐述了途径中主要功能微生物菌群的相关研究，重点讨论了AOM途径中可能发生的反应机理和进展，论述了目前常用的微生物群落结构和丰度检测分析的分子生物学方法。最后，从湿地环境因子对参与AOM微生物的影响机制、功能微生物富集培养以及湿地微生物参与环境污染控制等方面进行展望。这对于进一步研究全球湿地碳、氮循环提供了微生物学方面的参考。

A Review of Researches on Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane (AOM) in Wetlands

Microbe-dominated anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM)is a pathway of methane (CH₄) oxidation that has long been a frontier research hot spot of great significance for controlling CH₄ emission in global wetlands. This paper introduces four AOM pathways, including Sulphate-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation (SAMO), Denitrification-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation (DAMO), Metal oxide driven anaerobic methane oxidation (Metal-AOM) and direct intermediate electron transfer type of anaerobic methane oxidation (DIET). Among them, SAMO takes SO₄^2- as the final electron acceptor of AOM, while DAMO does NO₂^-/ NO₃^- and Metal-AOM does iron/manganese metal ions/oxides, but DIET does not require any intermediate products. Besides, the review elaborates in detial relevant researches on main functional microbial groups, discusses potential reaction mechanisms and process that may occur in AOM, elaborates molecular biology methods commonly used to analyze and determine structures and abundances of microbical communities, and presents a list of marker genes of several major functional microbial groups. At the end, the paper describes prospects of the researches on mechanisms of wetland environmental factors affecting AOM microbes, enrichment culturing of functional microbes and wetland soil microbes participating in controlling environmental pollution. This paper may provide certain a microbiological reference for further researches on carbon and nitrogen recycling in global wetlands.