我国果树多倍体育种研究进展

综合有关文献对主要果树多倍体的现状、果树多倍体育种的途径及其取得的成就、果树多倍体的鉴定、果树多倍体育种中应注意的问题进行了系统的阐述。果树多倍体育种的途径主要有利用对自然变异的选择获得多倍体、利用人工诱变获得多倍体、利用有性杂交培育多倍体、利用胚乳培养获得多倍体和利用原生质体融合培育多倍体;对多倍体的鉴定可以从形态特征、解剖结构、生理生化特性和染色体数目观察等方面来考虑;在今后的果树多倍体育种中应注意确定合适的倍性作为育种目标、重视多倍体种质资源的创新与应用、重视对多倍体嵌合类型的分离纯化、注意利用现代新技术提高育种效率、要加强对多倍体育种中有关问题的研究。

Advances on Polyploid Breeding of Fruit Crops in China

In this paper, the polyploid of the main fruit crops, the approach and the achievement of polyploid breeding of fruit crops, the identification of polyploid,and the problems in polyploid breeding of fruit crops are systematically stated. The ways of polyploid breeding of fruit crops mainly include the selection of natural variation, artificial mutation, sexual hybridization, endosperm culture, and protoplast fusion. The polyploid could be identified by morphologic characteristics, anatomic structure, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and chromosome number. It is suggested that the innovation and application of polyploid germplasm, the isolation and purification of chimera types,enhancing breed efficiency with new technology, and the study in polyploid breeding should be paid more attention in the future.